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. 2019 Jun 19;11(6):357.
doi: 10.3390/toxins11060357.

Emerging Fusarium Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, and Moniliformin in Serbian Maize

Igor Jajić  1 , Tatjana Dudaš  2 , Saša Krstović  3 , Rudolf Krska  4   5 , Michael Sulyok  6 , Ferenc Bagi  7 , Zagorka Savić  8 , Darko Guljaš  9 , Aleksandra Stankov  10
Affiliations

Emerging Fusarium Mycotoxins Fusaproliferin, Beauvericin, Enniatins, and Moniliformin in Serbian Maize

Igor Jajić et al. Toxins (Basel). .

Abstract

Emerging mycotoxins such as moniliformin (MON), enniatins (ENs), beauvericin (BEA), and fusaproliferin (FUS) may contaminate maize and negatively influence the yield and quality of grain. The aim of this study was to determine the content of emerging Fusarium mycotoxins in Serbian maize from the 2016, 2017, and 2018 harvests. A total of 190 samples from commercial maize production operations in Serbia were analyzed for the presence of MON, ENs, BEA, and FUS using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The obtained results were interpreted together with weather data from each year. MON, BEA, and FUS were major contaminants, while other emerging mycotoxins were not detected or were found in fewer samples (<20%). Overall contamination was highest in 2016 when MON and BEA were found in 50-80% of samples. In 2017 and 2018, high levels of MON, FUS, and BEA were detected in regions with high precipitation and warm weather during the silking phase of maize (July and the beginning of August), when the plants are most susceptible to Fusarium infections. Since environmental conditions in Serbia are favorable for the occurrence of mycotoxigenic fungi, monitoring Fusarium toxins is essential for the production of safe food and feed.

Keywords: Fusarium; LC-MS/MS; Serbia; emerging mycotoxins; maize.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Regions of sample origin: 1—West-Backa, 2—South-Backa, 3—Srem, 4—Middle-Banat, 5—South-Banat, 6—North-Backa. (A) Humidity conditions in Serbia based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-3) determined for the summer period from 1 June to 31 August in 2016 (B) Reproduced from Agrometeorološki uslovi u proizvodnoj 2015/2016 godini, 2017, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [30], 2017 (C) Reproduced from Agrometeorološki uslovi u proizvodnoj 2016/2017 godini, 2018, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [31], and 2018 (D) Reproduced from Agrometeorološki uslovi u proizvodnoj 2017/2018, 2019, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia [32].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Deviation of total rainfall amount (columns) and average daily air temperature (lines) from the multiannual average (1981–2010) in 2016.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Deviation of total rainfall amount (columns) and average daily air temperature (lines) from multiannual average (1981–2010) in 2017.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Deviation of total rainfall amount (columns) and average daily air temperature (lines) from the multiannual average (1981–2010) in 2018.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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