[Extra uterine leiomyomatosis: Review of the literature]

Abstract

Extra-uterine leiomyomatosis is a rare pathology defined by the presence of benign smooth uterine muscle cells in unusual localizations, including different entities. It mainly affects premenopausal women with a medical history of uterine myoma with or without surgical treatment. Three main types are discribed: intraveinous leiomyomatosis, benign metastatisizing leiomyoma and leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata. The diagnosis may be complex with many differential diagnosis, and relies on histology. The treatment depends on multiple factors such as age, localization, size, symptoms and associated comorbidities. It is based on surgical resection and hormonal privation, surgical (adnexectomy) or medical (hormonotherapy). There is a high risk of recurrence. Some malignant evolutions have been reported, mostly leiomyosarcoma following peritoneal disseminated leiomyomatosis. Long term follow-up of these patients is mandatory. A particular manifestation of extra-uterine leiomyomatosis is the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell carcinoma (HLRCC) syndrome. It is an autosomal dominant disorder which confers an increased risk of cutaneous and uterine leiomyomas and renal cell cancer, with a poor prognosis due to the urologic tumor.

Keywords: Benign metastasizing leiomyoma; Hereditary leiomyomatosis; Intravenous leiomyomatosis; Leiomyomatosis peritonealis disseminata; Léiomyomatose héréditaire; Léiomyomatose intraveineuse; Léiomyomatose péritonéale disséminée; Léiomyome métastatique bénin.