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. 2019 Jun 28;24(13):2398.
doi: 10.3390/molecules24132398.

Flavonoids from Morus alba L. Leaves: Optimization of Extraction by Response Surface Methodology and Comprehensive Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Inhibition of α-Amylase Activities through Analytical Hierarchy Process

Hao Cui  1   2 , Tenghui Lu  1 , Mingxin Wang  1 , Xintong Zou  1 , Yang Zhang  1 , Xiudong Yang  1 , Yao Dong  3 , Hongli Zhou  4   5
Affiliations

Flavonoids from Morus alba L. Leaves: Optimization of Extraction by Response Surface Methodology and Comprehensive Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Inhibition of α-Amylase Activities through Analytical Hierarchy Process

Hao Cui et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

To explore the flavonoids from Morus alba L. leaves (MLF), the process of extracting was optimized by a response surface methodology and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities were evaluated in vitro. The yield of flavonoids reached 50.52 mg g-1 under the optimized extraction conditions (i.e., extraction temperature, 70.85 °C; solvent concentration, 39.30%; extraction time, 120.18 min; and liquid/solid ratio, 34.60:1). The total flavonoids were extracted in organic solvents with various polarities, including petroleum ether (MLFp), ethyl acetate (MLFe), and n-butanol (MLFb). In vitro, the four MLF samples exhibited good antioxidant activities for scavenging of 2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, and total reducing power. Regarding antimicrobial efficacy, the MLF samples suppressed the development of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus pumilus. The MLF samples inhibited α-amylase activity to a certain extent. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to evaluate comprehensively the bioactivities of the MLF samples. The AHP results revealed that the bioactivity comprehensive score (78.83 μg mL-1) of MLFe was optimal among the four MLF samples. Morus alba L. leaves also exhibited non-hemolytic properties. All bioactivities suggested the potential of MLFe as a candidate resource in the food and drug industries.

Keywords: AHP; bioactivities; evaluate comprehensively; extraction conditions; flavonoids; in vitro; mulberry leaves; optimization.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The effect of single factors on the extraction of Morus alba L. leaves (MLF). (A) Extraction temperature (°C); (B) solvent concentration (%); (C) extraction time (min); (D) liquid/solid ratio. Data are shown as mean ± SD (n = 3).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The studentized residuals and predicted response plot.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Contour plots showing the effects of the ratio of two single factors. (A) Extraction temperature (°C) versus solvent concentration; (B) extraction temperature (°C) versus extraction time; (C) extraction temperature (°C) versus liquid/solid ratio; (D) solvent concentration versus extraction time; (E) solvent concentration versus liquid/solid ratio; (F) extraction time (min) versus liquid/solid ratio concentration.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The proposed analytical hierarchy process model.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Hemolysis analysis of MLFe.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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