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. 2019 Sep;26(25):25690-25701.
doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-05566-4. Epub 2019 Jul 2.

Landfill leachates and wastewater of maritime origin as possible sources of endocrine disruptors in municipal wastewater

Barbara K Wilk  1 , Sylwia Fudala-Ksiazek  2 , Małgorzata Szopińska  3 , Aneta Luczkiewicz  4
Affiliations

Landfill leachates and wastewater of maritime origin as possible sources of endocrine disruptors in municipal wastewater

Barbara K Wilk et al. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2019 Sep.

Abstract

In this study, wastewater from municipal services, such as a port wastewater reception facility (PRF-WW) and a municipal solid waste plant (MSWP), was tested for the presence of the suspected endocrine-disrupting compounds phthalates (PAEs) and bisphenol A (BPA). PAEs and BPA were found in this study in high concentrations in raw wastewater obtained from passenger ships (RMT-WWs) (up to 738 μg/L and 957 μg/L, respectively) collected in the Port of Gdynia and in landfill leachates (LLs) (up to 536 μg/L and up to 2202 μg/L, respectively) from a MSWP located near Gdynia. In particular, the presence of reprotoxic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, up to 536 μg/L in LLs and up to 738 μg/L in RMT-WWs) requires further action because if this compound, as well as other PAEs and BPA, is not degraded by activated sludge microorganisms, it may reach receiving waters and adversely impact aquatic organisms. Therefore, PAEs and BPA should be removed either during the onsite pretreatment of tested industrial wastewater or during tertiary treatment at municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, representing end-of-pipe technology). Graphical abstract.

Keywords: Cruise ship wastewater; Landfill leachates; Micropollutants; Municipal and industrial wastewater; Treatment approach.

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Figures

None
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Locations of sampling points: influent of wastewater treatment plant (IN-WWTP); landfill leachates generated by a modern cell (MP-LLs) that meets EU requirements and a previous cell (PP-LLs) with unlimited disposal of biodegradable wastes; wastewater from cruise ships and ferries: raw (RMT-WW) and pretreated onboard (PMT-WW); solid lines represent existing connections and dashed lines represent planned connections between the port reception facilities (PRF-WW) and municipal solid waste plant (MSWP) and the local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Minimum, maximum, upper quartile, lower quartile, median values, outliers, and extreme values for the parameters of sewage contamination and BOD5/COD and BOD5/TN for the leachates generated by the previous (PP-LLs) and modern (MP-LLs) cells, raw (RMT-WWs) and pretreated wastewater (PMT-WWs) from cruise ships and ferries, and municipal wastewater entering the WWTP (IN-WWTP)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Maximum concentrations of PAEs (phthalates: DMP—dimethyl phthalate, DEP—diethyl phthalate, DnBP—di-n-butyl phthalate, BBzP—benzyl butyl phthalate, DEHP—bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and DnOP—di-n-octyl phthalate) and BPA (bisphenol A) in landfill leachates generated by previous (PP-LL) and modern (MP-LL) cells, raw (RMT-WW) and pretreated (PMT-WW) wastewater generated by cruise ships and ferries, and municipal wastewater (IN-WWTP) entering the WWTP
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