Lymphoproliferative tumors involving the lacrimal drainage system: a major review

Abstract

Purpose: To provide a literature review on lymphoproliferative lesions involving the lacrimal drainage system.

Methods: The authors performed a pubmed search of all articles published in English on lymphoma/leukemia of lacrimal sac and the nasolacrimal duct. Data analyzed include prevalence, demographics, clinical presentations, treatment outcomes of primary versus secondary lacrimal involvement, and recurrence rates.

Results: Lymphoma/leukemia of lacrimal sac presented at a mean age of 55 years. The majority of the tumors (63%) were primary involvement of lacrimal sac, bilateral involvement being more common in secondary than primary lacrimal sac lymphoma. Epiphora (96%, 98/102), swelling in the lacrimal sac region (75%, 77/102), and acute dacryocystitis (31%) were the most frequent presenting features. Thirty-six percent of the lesions were diagnosed incidentally while performing a dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Among primary sac lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (43%) was the most common sub-type followed by MALToma (24%), unclassified B-cell lymphoma (21%), lymphoid hyperplasia (5%) and 3% each small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and NK/T cell lymphoma. Management usually involves chemotherapy and/ or radiotherapy with or without surgical resection. Successful outcomes in terms of local disease control could be achieved in all the cases; however, 15% died of the systemic disease after a mean 18 months from the time of sac involvement. Aggressive lymphomas like NK/T-cell have the worst prognosis.

Conclusion: Lymphoproliferative involvement of lacrimal sac has a high incidence of acute dacryocystitis with a good response to chemotherapy. Epiphora in patients with leukemia/lymphoma should arouse suspicion of a lacrimal drainage involvement.

Keywords: DLBCL; MALToma; Nasolacrimal duct; chemotherapy; lacrimal; lacrimal sac; leukemia; lymphoma; radiotherapy.