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Review
. 2019 Jul 4;146(13):dev167502.
doi: 10.1242/dev.167502.

Retinoic acid signaling pathways

Norbert B Ghyselinck  1 , Gregg Duester  2
Affiliations
Review

Retinoic acid signaling pathways

Norbert B Ghyselinck et al. Development. .

Abstract

Retinoic acid (RA), a metabolite of retinol (vitamin A), functions as a ligand for nuclear RA receptors (RARs) that regulate development of chordate animals. RA-RARs can activate or repress transcription of key developmental genes. Genetic studies in mouse and zebrafish embryos that are deficient in RA-generating enzymes or RARs have been instrumental in identifying RA functions, revealing that RA signaling regulates development of many organs and tissues, including the body axis, spinal cord, forelimbs, heart, eye and reproductive tract. An understanding of the normal functions of RA signaling during development will guide efforts for use of RA as a therapeutic agent to improve human health. Here, we provide an overview of RA signaling and highlight its key functions during development.

Keywords: Development; Genetic loss of function; Retinoic acid; Signaling.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing or financial interests.

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