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Review
. 2019 Jul 5;11(7):620.
doi: 10.3390/v11070620.

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

T Homas P Peacock  1   2 , Joe James  1   2 , Joshua E Sealy  1   3 , Munir Iqbal  4
Affiliations
Review

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

T Homas P Peacock et al. Viruses. .

Abstract

H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.

Keywords: H9N2; avian influenza viruses; pandemic potential; poultry; zoonotic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Phylogeographic range of poultry-adapted H9N2 lineages. Countries where only BJ94 lineage viruses are found shown in red, where only G1-W viruses found shown in blue, where mixtures of BJ94 and G1-E sub-lineage viruses are found shown in orange, where mixtures of BJ94 and G1-W sub-lineage viruses are found shown in purple, where only poultry-adapted Y439-lineage viruses are found shown in light pink. H9N2-positive countries where H9N2 lineage hasn’t been determined shown in grey. Figure made using mapchart.net.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distributions of human cases of H9N2 infection. (A) Laboratory confirmed cases over time and per country. (B) Age and Sex distribution of H9N2 infections. (C) Poultry exposure status of human H9N2 cases.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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