Update on Management of Portal Vein Thrombosis and the Role of Novel Anticoagulants

Abstract

The clinical management of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) remains ambiguous due to its heterogeneous presentations and its associations with liver disease, malignancy, and hypercoagulable states. The natural history and clinical outcome of PVT are highly variable, dependent upon size, extent and degree of the thrombotic occlusion, as well as the physiological impact of patient comorbidities. While existing clinical guidelines consistently recommend low molecular weight heparin or vitamin K antagonist anticoagulation in cirrhotic patients with symptomatic acute PVT, management of asymptomatic and chronic PVT may need to be determined on a case-by-case basis, factoring in the state of underlying liver disease. In general, patients with PVT and underlying malignancy should be anticoagulated to alleviate symptoms and prevent recurrences that could disrupt the cancer management. However, existing clinical data does not support routine anticoagulation of cirrhotic patients with asymptomatic PVT in the absence of underlying cancer. While low molecular weight heparin and vitamin K antagonist remain the most commonly used agents in PVT, an emerging body of clinical evidence now suggests that direct-acting oral anticoagulants may be used safely and effectively in PVT. As such, direct-acting oral anticoagulants may offer a more convenient anticoagulation alternative for PVT management in future practice.

Keywords: Anticoagulant; Liver cirrhosis; Neoplasm; Portal vein; Thrombosis.

Fig. 1.. Filling defect in the portal vein on ultrasound.

Fig. 2.. Ultrasound color Doppler.

Fig. 3.. Computed tomography of the abdomen showing portal vein filling defects.

Fig. 4.. Filling defect in the right portal vein, coronal LAVA magnetic resonance imaging sequence.