Surgical complexity and prognostic outcome of small volume renal cell carcinoma with high-level venous tumor thrombus and large volume renal cell carcinoma with low-level thrombus

Abstract

Background: Radical nephrectomy with thrombectomy is one of the most difficult and complicated urological operations. But the roles of renal tumor volume and thrombus level in surgical complexity and prognostic outcome are not clear. This study aimed to evaluate the surgical complexity and prognostic outcome between the volume of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the level of venous tumor thrombus.

Methods: The clinical data of 67 RCC cases with renal vein or inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus from January 2015 to May 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Among these 67 cases, 21 (31.3%) were small tumors with high-level thrombus (tumor ≤7 cm in diameter and thrombus Neves Level II-IV), while 46 (68.7%) were large tumors with low-level thrombus group (tumor >7 cm in diameter and thrombus Level 0-I). Clinical features, operation details, and pathology data were collected. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate the risk factors for small tumor with high-level thrombus.

Results: Patients with small tumors and high-level thrombus were more likely to have longer operative time (421.9 ± 135.1 min vs. 282.2 ± 101.9 min, t = 4.685, P < 0.001), more surgical bleeding volume (1200 [325, 2900] mL vs. 500 [180, 1000] mL, U = 270.000, P = 0.004), more surgical blood transfusion volume (800 [0, 1400] mL vs. 0 [0, 800] mL, U = 287.500, P = 0.004), more plasma transfusion volume (0 [0, 800] mL vs. 0 [0, 0] mL, U = 319.000, P = 0.004), higher percentage of open operative approach (76.2% vs. 32.6%, χ = 11.015, P = 0.001), higher percentage of IVC resection (33.3% vs. 0%, χ = 17.122, P < 0.001), and higher percentage of post-operative complications (52.4% vs. 19.6%, χ = 7.415, P = 0.010) than patients with large tumors and low-level thrombus. In multivariate analysis, decreased hemoglobin (Hb) (odds ratio [OR]: 0.956, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.926-0.986, P = 0.005) and non-sarcomatoid differentiation (OR: 0.050, 95% CI: 0.004-0.664, P = 0.023) were more likely to form small tumors with high-level tumor thrombus rather than large tumor with small tumor thrombus. The estimated mean cancer-specific survival times of small tumor with high-level thrombus and large tumor with low-level thrombus were 31.6 ± 3.8 months and 32.5 ± 2.9 months, without statistical significance (P = 0.955). After univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard survival regression analyses, only distant metastasis (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.839, P = 0.002), sarcomatoid differentiation (HR: 7.923, P < 0.001), alkaline phosphatase (HR: 2.661, P = 0.025), and severe post-operative complications (HR: 10.326, P = 0.001) were independent predictors of prognosis.

Conclusions: The level of the tumor thrombus was more important than the diameter of the primary kidney tumor in affecting the complexity of surgery. In the same T3 stage, neither the renal tumor diameter nor the tumor thrombus level was an independent risk factor for prognosis.

Figure 1

Flowchart of the study. IVC: Inferior vena cava; RCC: Renal cell carcinoma.

Figure 2

The MRI images showed that a 67 years old man had small tumor (A; 2.6 cm × 3.3 cm × 3.1 cm, black arrow) with high-level thrombus (B; level IV, the length of thrombus was 8.0 cm, white arrow). The pathology type was renal clear cell carcinoma. MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.

Figure 3

The CT image showed that a 66 years old woman had a large tumor (17.5 cm × 11.5 cm × 9.0 cm) with low-level thrombus (Level I, the length of thrombus was 2.5 cm). The pathology type was renal clear cell carcinoma. CT = Computed tomography.

Figure 4

Cancer-specific survival of small tumor with high-level thrombus group (Group A) and large tumor with low-level thrombus group (Group B).

Figure 5

In the N0M0 sub-group, the cancer-specific survival of small tumor with high-level thrombus group (Group A) and large tumor with low-level thrombus group (Group B).