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. 2019 Jul 3:11:65-71.
doi: 10.2147/OPTO.S214597. eCollection 2019.

A comparative study of the quality of non-stimulated and stimulated tears in normal eye male subjects using the tear ferning test

Saud A Alanazi  1 , Mohammed A Aldawood  1 , Yousef S Badawood  1 , Gamal A El-Hiti  1 , Ali M Masmali  1
Affiliations

A comparative study of the quality of non-stimulated and stimulated tears in normal eye male subjects using the tear ferning test

Saud A Alanazi et al. Clin Optom (Auckl). .

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the tear ferning patterns of non-stimulated and stimulated tears in normal eye male subjects using the tear ferning test.

Methods: Thirty-five male subjects aged 20-38 years with normal eyes were enrolled in the study. Subjects with dry eye or with a risk factor for eye dryness (eg, recent ocular surgery, contact-lens wearers, smokers, anemic, diabetes, and thyroid gland problems) were excluded from the study. Dry eye subjects were excluded based on the ocular surface diseases index scores, non-invasive tear break-up time, and tear meniscus height measurements from the right and left eyes. A tear sample was collected from both eyes in each subject to perform the tear ferning test for non-stimulated tears. After 10 mins, the tears were stimulated using a Schirmer strip, a tear sample was collected from both eyes in each participant, the tear ferning test was performed, and the ferns were graded based on the five-point tear ferning grading scale.

Results: The average tear ferning grade [median (interquartile range)] for non-stimulated tears from the right and left eyes was 0.60 (1.25) and 0.50 (1.31), respectively. For stimulated tears, the average tear ferning grade from the right and left eyes was 0.50 (1.05) and 0.75 (1.25), respectively. There was no significant difference in the tear ferning grades obtained from non-stimulated and stimulated tears (Wilcoxon test, P>0.05).

Conclusion: This study found no significant difference in the tear ferning patterns obtained from non-stimulated and stimulated tears, or between the tear ferning patterns in the tears collected from the right and left eyes before and after stimulating tears. It seems that there were no changes in the chemical composition of tears before and after stimulation, possibly due to the steady concentration of electrolytes and lipids within the tear film for both non-stimulated and stimulated tears.

Keywords: eye dryness; non-stimulated and stimulated tears; tear ferning patterns; tear film; tear quality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Box plots for the tear ferning grades for non-stimulated and stimulated tears. Note: TF patterns were graded using 0.1 increments. Abbreviations: TF, tear ferning; NTF (OD), tear ferning for non-stimulated tears collected from the right eye; NTF (OS), tear ferning for non-stimulated tears collected from the left eye; STF (OD), tear ferning for stimulated tears collected from the right eye; STF (OS), tear ferning for stimulated tears collected from the left eye.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Representative tear ferning images of non-stimulated tears collected from the right and left eyes of the same subject. Abbreviations: NTF (OD), tear ferning for non-stimulated tears collected from the right eye; NTF (OS), tear ferning for non-stimulated tears collected from the left eye.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Representative tear ferning images of stimulated tears collected from the right and left eyes of the same subject. Abbreviations: STF (OD), tear ferning for stimulated tears collected from the right eye; STF (OS), tear ferning for stimulated tears collected from the left eye.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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