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. 2019 Nov 1;111(18):1356-1364.
doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1549. Epub 2019 Jul 16.

Co-occurring defect analysis: A platform for analyzing birth defect co-occurrence in registries

Renata H Benjamin  1 , Xiao Yu  1   2 , Maria Luisa Navarro Sanchez  1 , Han Chen  1   3   4 , Laura E Mitchell  1 , Peter H Langlois  5 , Mark A Canfield  5 , Michael D Swartz  2 , Angela E Scheuerle  6 , Daryl A Scott  7   8 , Hope Northrup  9 , Christian P Schaaf  7   10   11 , Joseph W Ray  12 , Scott D McLean  13 , Philip J Lupo  14 , A J Agopian  1
Affiliations

Co-occurring defect analysis: A platform for analyzing birth defect co-occurrence in registries

Renata H Benjamin et al. Birth Defects Res. .

Abstract

Background: Few studies have systematically evaluated birth defect co-occurrence patterns, perhaps, in part, due to the lack of software designed to implement large-scale, complex analytic methods.

Methods: We created an R-based platform, "co-occurring defect analysis" (CODA), designed to implement analyses of birth defect co-occurrence patterns in birth defect registries. CODA uses an established algorithm for calculating the observed-to-expected ratio of a given birth defect combination, accounting for the known tendency of birth defects to co-occur nonspecifically. To demonstrate CODA's feasibility, we evaluated the computational time needed to assess 2- to 5-way combinations of major birth defects in the Texas Birth Defects Registry (TBDR) (1999-2014). We report on two examples of pairwise patterns, defects co-occurring with trisomy 21 or with non-syndromic spina bifida, to demonstrate proof-of-concept.

Results: We evaluated combinations of 175 major birth defects among 206,784 infants in the TBDR. CODA performed efficiently in the data set, analyzing 1.5 million 5-way combinations in 18 hr. As anticipated, we identified large observed-to-expected ratios for the birth defects that co-occur with trisomy 21 or spina bifida.

Conclusions: CODA is available for application to birth defect data sets and can be used to better understand co-occurrence patterns. Co-occurrence patterns elucidated by using CODA may be helpful for identifying new birth defect associations and may provide etiological insights regarding potentially shared pathogenic mechanisms. CODA may also have wider applications, such as assessing patterns of additional types of co-occurrence patterns in other large data sets (e.g., medical records).

Keywords: birth defects; multiple congenital anomalies; registries; software; syndromes.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Analytic steps in CODA 2-way analysis. CODA, co-occurring defect analysis
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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