Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Efficient Intracellular Drug Delivery Tools

Abstract

Cyclic cell-penetrating peptides are relatively a newer class of peptides that have a huge potential for the intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents aimed at treating challenging ailments like multidrug-resistant bacterial diseases, cancer, and HIV infection. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been extensively explored as intracellular delivery vehicles; however, they have some inherent limitations like poor stability, endosomal entrapment, toxicity, and suboptimal cell penetration. Owing to their favorable properties that avoid these limitations, cyclic CPPs can provide a good alternative to linear CPPs. Several Reviews have been published in the past decade that cover CPPs and cyclic peptides independently. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first Reviews that covers cyclic CPPs comprehensively in the light of studies published so far. In this Review, we have detailed examples of cyclic CPPs, their structures, and cyclization strategies followed by a detailed account of their advantages over their linear counterparts. A hot area in cyclic CPPs is the exploration of cell-penetration mechanisms; this Review highlights this topic in detail. Finally, we will review the applications of cyclic CPPs, followed by conclusions and future prospects.

Keywords: amphiphilic; cell impermeability; cell-penetrating peptides; cyclic cell-penetrating peptides; cyclic peptide; delivery; stability.