Calcified cerebral embolism: a 9 case series and review of the literature

Abstract

Objective: Calcified cerebral embolism (CCE), a rarely reported and underdiagnosed cause of stroke, may be the first manifestation of a vascular or cardiac disease. Our purpose is to describe the characteristics of CCE in a series of 9 cases and review the literature on the subject.

Patients and methods: We included patients with CCE from 3 different hospitals. We described the diagnostic approach, neuroimaging findings, origin of the embolism, treatment, and prognosis of these patients.

Results: We identified a total of 9 patients presenting spontaneous CCE as the cause of acute ischaemic stroke. In all cases, the middle cerebral artery was affected; all patients underwent CT. A possible calcific source was found in 6 patients (66.6%), originated in the carotid arteries in 3 (33.3%) and in the heart in the other 3 patients (33.3%). Only one patient was treated in the acute phase (trombectomy) and only 11% of patients had modified ranking scale scores ≤ 2 at 3 months.

Conclusions: CCE is more frequent than previously thought and, although the condition continues to be underdiagnosed, it is of considerable prognostic relevance in the aetiological study of stroke.

Keywords: Embolia; Embolism; Ictus; Neuroimagen; Neuroimaging; Stroke.