Degenerative Mitral Regurgitation: Assessment, Physical Examination, and Imaging

Abstract

Purpose of review: In this review, we provide a comprehensive approach to assess degenerative mitral regurgitation.

Recent findings: In the evaluation of MR, it is important to differentiate between primary (degenerative/organic) MR in which an intrinsic mitral valve lesion(s) is responsible for the occurrence of MR and secondary (functional) MR where the mitral valve is structurally normal, but alterations of the left ventricular geometry cause deterioration of the MV apparatus. Advanced imaging modalities, foremost two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography, are essential for this determination. In the evaluation of degenerative MR, the exact mechanism, the extent of the disease, associated valve lesions, the grade of mitral regurgitation severity, and hemodynamic consequences require careful assessment in order to provide patients with appropriate monitoring and treatment.

Keywords: Barlow’s disease; Degenerative mitral regurgitation; Echocardiography; Fibroelastic deficiency; Mitral regurgitation; Mitral valve prolapse; Papillary muscle rupture; Primary mitral regurgitation.