Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2019;13(2):158-173.
doi: 10.2174/1872213X13666190724112644.

Inflammatory Response and Endothelial Dysfunction Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Targets

Omar Giacinto  1 , Umberto Satriano  1 , Antonio Nenna  1 , Cristiano Spadaccio  2 , Mario Lusini  1 , Ciro Mastroianni  1 , Francesco Nappi  3 , Massimo Chello  1
Affiliations
Review

Inflammatory Response and Endothelial Dysfunction Following Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Pathophysiology and Pharmacological Targets

Omar Giacinto et al. Recent Pat Inflamm Allergy Drug Discov. 2019.

Abstract

Background: Endothelial injury occurring during cardiopulmonary bypass is a major contributing factor in the development of organ dysfunction, which leads to many of the postoperative complications occurring during cardiac surgery.

Objective: This narrative review aims to summarize the main mechanisms of cardiopulmonary bypass - related disease, evaluating the unfavorable events leading to tissue injury, with a description of current pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic mechanisms to reduce CPB-related injury.

Methods: A Medline/Pubmed/Scopus search was conducted using clinical queries with the key terms "cardiac surgery", "cardiopulmonary bypass", "inflammation" and "endothelial injury", and related MeSH terms, until July 2019. The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, reviews and pertinent references. Patents were searched using the same key terms from https://patents.google.com/, www.uspto.gov, and www.freepatentsonline.com.

Results: In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms of vascular endothelial cell injury, the acute inflammatory response, and the regulatory factors that control the extent of vascular injury during extracorporeal circulation, summarizing the main target of anti-inflammatory pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies.

Conclusion: Inflammatory response and endothelial dysfunction following cardiopulmonary bypass are the prices to pay for the benefits offered during cardiac surgery procedures. Counteracting the detrimental effect of extracorporeal circulation appears to be crucial to improve clinical outcomes in pediatric and adult cardiac surgery. The intrinsic complexity and the tight interplay of the factors involved might require a holistic approach against inflammation and endothelial response.

Keywords: Cardiac surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass; cytokine scavenger; endothelial dysfunction; extracorporeal circulation; glycocalyx; inflammation; neuromodulation..

PubMed Disclaimer