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. 2019 Jul 20:5:93.
doi: 10.1186/s40814-019-0472-z. eCollection 2019.

Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness for relatives of missing persons: a pilot study

Lonneke I M Lenferink  1   2 , Jos de Keijser  1 , Ineke Wessel  1 , Paul A Boelen  2   3
Affiliations

Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness for relatives of missing persons: a pilot study

Lonneke I M Lenferink et al. Pilot Feasibility Stud. .

Abstract

Objectives: Relatives of long-term missing persons need to deal with uncertainties related to the disappearance. These uncertainties may give rise to ruminative thinking about the causes and consequences of the loss. Focusing on tolerating uncertainties in treatment of relatives of missing persons might foster recovery. Adding mindfulness to cognitive behavioural therapy might serve this aim. The feasibility and potential effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy with mindfulness were evaluated in a pilot study. We aimed to detect changes in symptom levels and mindfulness from pre-treatment to 1 week, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks post-treatment.

Method: Dutch adults who experienced the disappearance of a significant other more than 3 months earlier and scored above clinical thresholds for psychological distress were eligible to participate. Participants were recruited from January 2015 to July 2016. Participants in the immediate treatment group started treatment after 1 week after randomization, whereas waiting list controls started the treatment after 12 weeks of waiting. Data from self-report measures as well as clinical diagnostic interviews (tapping persistent complex bereavement disorder, major depressive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder) were gathered among 17 relatives of missing persons with elevated symptom levels.

Results: The response rate (31.7%) was low, and dropout rate (47.1%) high. Cognitive behavioural therapy with mindfulness coincided with changes in psychopathology levels (Hedges' g 0.35-1.09) and mindfulness (Hedges' g - 0.10-0.41). Participants completing the treatment were satisfied with treatment quality and reported high treatment compliance.

Conclusions: Because of the limited research about effective treatments for relatives of missing persons and promising results of small and/or uncontrolled trials examining the effect of mindfulness-based treatment to target grief-related complaints, it seems valuable to continue investigating the effects of cognitive behavioural therapy with mindfulness on reducing post-loss psychopathology in future research. However, in order to increase the feasibility of future trials among relatives of missing persons, we recommend collaborating internationally and/or extending duration of recruitment phase, to maximize the sample size.

Trial registration: The Netherlands National Trial Register, NTR4732.

Keywords: Ambiguous loss; Bereavement; Disappearance; Grief; Mindfulness; Missing persons; Therapy; Treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interestsThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Design of pilot RCT
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Schematic display of comorbidity between self-rated PCBD, MDD, and PTSD (n = 79)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Flowchart of pilot RCT
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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