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Review
. 2019 Jul 31;20(15):3738.
doi: 10.3390/ijms20153738.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Systemic Diseases: Hypothesis, Evidences, and Therapeutic Opportunities

Francisco J Vizoso  1 , Noemi Eiro  2 , Luis Costa  2 , Paloma Esparza  2 , Mariana Landin  3 , Patricia Diaz-Rodriguez  3 , Jose Schneider  4 , Roman Perez-Fernandez  5
Affiliations
Review

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Homeostasis and Systemic Diseases: Hypothesis, Evidences, and Therapeutic Opportunities

Francisco J Vizoso et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are present in all organs and tissues, playing a well-known function in tissue regeneration. However, there is also evidence indicating a broader role of MSCs in tissue homeostasis. In vivo studies have shown MSC paracrine mechanisms displaying proliferative, immunoregulatory, anti-oxidative, or angiogenic activity. In addition, recent studies also demonstrate that depletion and/or dysfunction of MSCs are associated with several systemic diseases, such as lupus, diabetes, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as with aging and frailty syndrome. In this review, we hypothesize about the role of MSCs as keepers of tissue homeostasis as well as modulators in a variety of inflammatory and degenerative systemic diseases. This scenario opens the possibility for the use of secretome-derived products from MSCs as new therapeutic agents in order to restore tissue homeostasis, instead of the classical paradigm "one disease, one drug".

Keywords: Regenerative medicine; aging diseases; conditioned medium; diabetes; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; lupus; secretome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following competing interests: F.J.V., R.P.-F., and N.E. are co-inventors of a patent (“Human uterine cervical stem cell population and uses thereof”) owned by GiStem Research, of which F.J.V, N.E., J.S. and R.P.-F. are shareholders. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of this review, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Possible intercellular communication stages between somatic cells and MSCs: (A) damaged somatic cells might send “alarm signals” indicative of dysfunction to “resident sentinel” MSCs which would trigger their proliferation and activation in response to the damage in the somatic cell, leading ultimately to the production of a specialized secretome; (B) inadequate alarm messages by damaged somatic cells; (C) inadequate response to those alarm signals by MSCs due to their depletion; (D) inadequate response to alarm signals by MSCs due to primary or secondary cell dysfunction, induced by alterations in tissue microenvironment; and (E) inadequate response by somatic cells to the intercellular communication signals coming from MSCs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Factors related to bioprocess development (cell source, culture medium and culture conditions) which may influence the quality of MSC secretome-derived products (paracrine factors, microvesicles or exosomes).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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