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. 2020 Jun;96(4):293-299.
doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2019-054163. Epub 2019 Aug 1.

Incidence of syphilis among HIV-infected men in Singapore, 2006-2017: temporal trends and associated risk factors

Li Wei Ang  1 , Chen Seong Wong  2 , Oon Tek Ng  2 , Yee Sin Leo  2
Affiliations

Incidence of syphilis among HIV-infected men in Singapore, 2006-2017: temporal trends and associated risk factors

Li Wei Ang et al. Sex Transm Infect. 2020 Jun.

Abstract

Objective: There have been recent reports globally on substantial increase in syphilis diagnoses particularly among high-risk men. The aim of this study was to assess temporal trends of incident syphilis and associated risk factors among HIV-infected men in Singapore.

Methods: We conducted retrospective cohort analysis using the clinical database maintained by the Clinical HIV Programme at the National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. HIV-infected men with a negative syphilis result at baseline who had undergone at least one subsequent test in 2006-2017 were included. Factors associated with incident syphilis were investigated using Cox proportional hazards regression analyses.

Results: A total of 1069 HIV-infected men were tested for syphilis at least once following their negative baseline test during the 12-year period, and they contributed 4284 person-years of follow-up (PYFU). There were 266 cases of incident syphilis, giving an overall incidence of 6.21 per 100 PYFU (95% CI 5.49-7.00). The incidence of syphilis per 100 PYFU increased from 1.21 (95% CI 0.33 to 3.10) in 2010 to 26.04 (95% CI 19.97 to 33.40) in 2017. In the multivariable model, risk factors for syphilis seroconversion were: age 15-24 years at HIV diagnosis (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.64, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.56) versus ≥45 years, being Chinese (aHR 1.82, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.29) versus Indian and other minority ethnic groups, men having sex with men (MSM) (aHR 3.29, 95% CI 2.22 to 4.87) versus heterosexuals, and HIV diagnosis in later periods of 2009-2011 (aHR 1.96, 95% CI 1.41 to 2.74), 2012-2014 (aHR 3.96, 95% CI 2.68 to 5.83) and 2015-2017 (aHR 7.94, 95% CI 4.52 to 13.95) versus 2006-2008.

Conclusion: The annual incidence rate of syphilis in HIV-infected men was on the rise, and it was consistently higher among MSM than in heterosexual men. The findings supported regular screening for syphilis and enhanced behavioural interventions in Singapore.

Keywords: HIV; incidence; men having sex with men; seroconversion; sexually transmitted infections; syphilis.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Annual incidence of syphilis seroconversion among HIV-infected men who attended the national referral centre for HIV in Singapore, 2006–2017. (A) Overall. (B) HIV-infected MSM and men infected with HIV via heterosexual mode of transmission. MSM, men who have sex with men; PYFU, person-years of follow-up.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of HIV viral load at time of syphilis seroconversion among HIV-infected MSM and men infected with HIV via heterosexual mode of transmission with incident syphilis who attended the national referral centre for HIV in Singapore, 2006–2017. MSM, men who have sex with men.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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