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. 2019 Jul 10:14:5051-5060.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S208713. eCollection 2019.

Montmorillonite-norfloxacin nanocomposite intended for healing of infected wounds

Fatima García-Villén  1 , Angela Faccendini  2 , Carola Aguzzi  1 , Pilar Cerezo  1 , Maria Cristina Bonferoni  2 , Silvia Rossi  2 , Pietro Grisoli  2 , Marco Ruggeri  2 , Franca Ferrari  2 , Giuseppina Sandri  2 , Cesar Viseras  1
Affiliations

Montmorillonite-norfloxacin nanocomposite intended for healing of infected wounds

Fatima García-Villén et al. Int J Nanomedicine. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic cutaneous wounds represent a major issue in medical care and are often prone to infections. Purpose: The aim of this study was the design of a clay mineral-drug nanocomposite based on montmorillonite and norfloxacin (NF, antimicrobial drug) as a powder for cutaneous application, to enhance wound healing in infected skin lesions. Methods: The nanocomposite has been prepared by means of an intercalation solution procedure. Adsorption isotherm, solid-state characterization of the nanocomposite, drug loading capacity and its release have been performed. Moreover, cytocompatibility, in vitro fibroblast proliferation and antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus were assessed. Results: The clay drug adsorption isotherm demonstrates that the mechanism of NF intercalation into montmorillonite galleries is the adsorption as one single process, due to the charge-charge interaction between protonated NF and negatively charged montmorillonite edges in the interlayer space. Nanocomposite is biocompatible and it is characterized by antimicrobial activity greater than the free drug: this is due to its nanostructure and controlled drug release properties. Conclusion: Considering the results obtained, NF-montmorillonite nanocomposite seems a promising tool to treat infected skin lesions or skin wounds prone to infection, as chronic ulcers (diabetic foot, venous leg ulcers) and burns.

Keywords: montmorillonite; nanocomposite; norfloxacin; solid state characterization; wound healing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Equilibrium adsorption isotherm of NF and VHS (mean values ± s.d.; n=3). Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XRPD diffraction patterns of NF, VHS and VHS-NF. Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FT-IR spectra of NF, VHS and VHS-NF. Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite; VHS-NF: montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Thermal analysis (TGA – high panel curves and DSC – low panel curves) of NF, VHS and VHS-NF samples. Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 5
Figure 5
TEM microphotographs and EDX analysis of VHS (A), NF (B) and VHS-NF (C) together with EDX mapping of VHS-NF (D). Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 6
Figure 6
% of norfloxacin (NF) released from NF and VHS-NF (mean values ± s.d.; n=3). Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Microbiocidal effect vs time profiles of norfloxacin (NF) released from NF and VHS-NF against (A) Pseudomonas aeruginosa and (B) Staphylococcus aureus (mean values ± s.d.; n=3). Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Bioavailability (OD) evaluated for VHS (1.2 mg/mL), NF (0.1 mg/mL) and VHS-NF (VHS: 1.2 mg/mL and NF 0.1 mg/mL) compared to the control (growth medium, standard growth conditions) (mean values ± s.d.; n=8) (Statistical analysis W test: control vs VHS-NF: p=0.030). Abbreviations: NF, norfloxacin; VHS, montmorillonite; VHS-NF, montmorillonite/norfloxacin nanocomposite.
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