. 2019 Jul 19:10:1272.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01272. eCollection 2019.

The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

Sabine M El-Helou^{1

2}, Anika-Kerstin Biegner¹, Sebastian Bode^{1

3}, Stephan R Ehl^{1

3}, Maximilian Heeg^{1

3}, Maria E Maccari^{1

3}, Henrike Ritterbusch^{1

3}, Carsten Speckmann^{3

1}, Stephan Rusch^{1

4}, Raphael Scheible^{1

5}, Klaus Warnatz^{6

7}, Faranaz Atschekzei⁸, Renata Beider⁸, Diana Ernst⁸, Stev Gerschmann⁸, Alexandra Jablonka⁸, Gudrun Mielke⁸, Reinhold E Schmidt⁸, Gesine Schürmann⁸, Georgios Sogkas⁸, Ulrich H Baumann⁹, Christian Klemann⁹, Dorothee Viemann⁹, Horst von Bernuth¹⁰, Renate Krüger¹⁰, Leif G Hanitsch¹¹, Carmen M Scheibenbogen¹¹, Kirsten Wittke¹¹, Michael H Albert¹², Anna Eichinger¹², Fabian Hauck¹², Christoph Klein¹², Anita Rack-Hoch¹², Franz M Sollinger¹², Anne Avila¹³, Michael Borte¹³, Stephan Borte¹³, Maria Fasshauer¹³, Anja Hauenherm¹³, Nils Kellner¹³, Anna H Müller¹³, Anett Ülzen¹³, Peter Bader¹⁴, Shahrzad Bakhtiar¹⁴, Jae-Yun Lee¹⁴, Ursula Heß¹⁵, Ralf Schubert¹⁵, Sandra Wölke¹⁵, Stefan Zielen¹⁵, Sujal Ghosh¹⁶, Hans-Juergen Laws¹⁶, Jennifer Neubert¹⁶, Prasad T Oommen¹⁶, Manfred Hönig¹⁷, Ansgar Schulz¹⁷, Sandra Steinmann¹⁷, Klaus Schwarz¹⁸, Gregor Dückers¹⁹, Beate Lamers¹⁹, Vanessa Langemeyer¹⁹, Tim Niehues¹⁹, Sonu Shai¹⁹, Dagmar Graf²⁰, Carmen Müglich²¹, Marc T Schmalzing²¹, Eva C Schwaneck²¹, Hans-Peter Tony²¹, Johannes Dirks²², Gabriele Haase²², Johannes G Liese²², Henner Morbach²², Dirk Foell²³, Antje Hellige²³, Helmut Wittkowski²³, Katja Masjosthusmann²⁴, Michael Mohr²⁵, Linda Geberzahn²⁶, Christian M Hedrich^{26

27}, Christiane Müller²⁶, Angela Rösen-Wolff²⁶, Joachim Roesler²⁶, Antje Zimmermann²⁶, Uta Behrends²⁸, Nikolaus Rieber^{28

29}, Uwe Schauer³⁰, Rupert Handgretinger²⁹, Ursula Holzer²⁹, Jörg Henes³¹, Lothar Kanz³¹, Christoph Boesecke³², Jürgen K Rockstroh³², Carolynne Schwarze-Zander³², Jan-Christian Wasmuth³², Dagmar Dilloo³³, Brigitte Hülsmann³³, Stefan Schönberger³³, Stefan Schreiber³⁴, Rainald Zeuner³⁴, Tobias Ankermann³⁵, Philipp von Bismarck³⁵, Hans-Iko Huppertz³⁶, Petra Kaiser-Labusch³⁶, Johann Greil³⁷, Donate Jakoby³⁷, Andreas E Kulozik³⁷, Markus Metzler³⁸, Nora Naumann-Bartsch³⁸, Bettina Sobik³⁸, Norbert Graf³⁹, Sabine Heine³⁹, Robin Kobbe⁴⁰, Kai Lehmberg⁴⁰, Ingo Müller⁴⁰, Friedrich Herrmann⁴¹, Gerd Horneff^{41

42}, Ariane Klein^{41

42}, Joachim Peitz⁴¹, Nadine Schmidt⁴¹, Stefan Bielack⁴³, Ute Groß-Wieltsch⁴³, Carl F Classen⁴⁴, Jessica Klasen⁴⁴, Peter Deutz⁴⁵, Dirk Kamitz⁴⁵, Lisa Lassay⁴⁵, Klaus Tenbrock⁴⁵, Norbert Wagner⁴⁵, Benedikt Bernbeck⁴⁶, Bastian Brummel⁴⁶, Eusebia Lara-Villacanas⁴⁶, Esther Münstermann⁴⁶, Dominik T Schneider⁴⁶, Nadine Tietsch⁴⁶, Marco Westkemper⁴⁶, Michael Weiß⁴⁷, Christof Kramm⁴⁸, Ingrid Kühnle⁴⁸, Silke Kullmann⁴⁸, Hermann Girschick⁴⁹, Christof Specker⁵⁰, Elisabeth Vinnemeier-Laubenthal⁵⁰, Henriette Haenicke⁵¹, Claudia Schulz⁵¹, Lothar Schweigerer⁵¹, Thomas G Müller⁵², Martina Stiefel⁵², Bernd H Belohradsky⁵³, Veronika Soetedjo⁵, Gerhard Kindle^{1

4}, Bodo Grimbacher^{1

2

54

55}

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
² RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³ Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁴ Central Facility Biobanking, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁵ Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁶ Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁷ Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁹ Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹ Outpatient Clinic for Immunodeficiencies, Institute Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹² Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹³ ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL), Hospital St. Georg gGmbH Leipzig, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
¹⁴ Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹⁵ Department for Children and Adolescents, Division for Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁸ Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁹ Centre for Child and Adolescenct Health, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
²⁰ MVZ Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany.
²¹ Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²² Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²³ Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
²⁴ Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁵ Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁶ Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
²⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, StKM GmbH und Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
²⁹ Department of Oncology/Haematology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
³⁰ University Children's Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
³¹ Department of Internal Medicine II (Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology, Immunology), University Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
³² Department of Internal Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
³³ Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
³⁴ Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
³⁵ Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
³⁶ Prof.-Hess Childrens Hospital, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children's Tumor Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁸ Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
³⁹ Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Saarland University Homburg, Homburg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Division for Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Clinic Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
⁴² Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴³ Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Center for Pediatric, Adolescent and Women's Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
⁴⁴ Oncology Hematology Division, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
⁴⁵ RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
⁴⁶ Clinic of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Amsterdamer Strasse, Cologne, Germany.
⁴⁸ Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Clinic, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁰ Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hospitals Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany.
⁵¹ Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Medicine, Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.
⁵² Department for Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University Hospital, Halle, Germany.
⁵³ dsai - Deutsche Selbsthilfe Angeborene Immundefekte e.V. (Patient Organization) e.V., Schnaitsee, Germany.
⁵⁴ DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁵⁵ CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

PMID: 31379802
PMCID: PMC6659583
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01272

The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

Sabine M El-Helou et al. Front Immunol. 2019.

. 2019 Jul 19:10:1272.

doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01272. eCollection 2019.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
² RESIST - Cluster of Excellence 2155 to Hanover Medical School, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
³ Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁴ Central Facility Biobanking, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁵ Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁶ Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁷ Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁸ Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
⁹ Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
¹⁰ Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Immunology and Intensive Care, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹¹ Outpatient Clinic for Immunodeficiencies, Institute Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
¹² Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
¹³ ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig (IDCL), Hospital St. Georg gGmbH Leipzig, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
¹⁴ Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, Frankfurt University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany.
¹⁵ Department for Children and Adolescents, Division for Allergology, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, University Hospital Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
¹⁶ Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁸ Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg - Hessen and Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁹ Centre for Child and Adolescenct Health, Helios Klinikum Krefeld, Krefeld, Germany.
²⁰ MVZ Dr. Reising-Ackermann und Kollegen, Leipzig, Germany.
²¹ Rheumatology/Clinical Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²² Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
²³ Department of Pediatric Rheumatology and Immunology, University Children's Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
²⁴ Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁵ Department of Hematology, Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
²⁶ Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
²⁷ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
²⁸ Department of Pediatrics, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, StKM GmbH und Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
²⁹ Department of Oncology/Haematology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
³⁰ University Children's Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
³¹ Department of Internal Medicine II (Oncology, Hematology, Rheumatology, Immunology), University Hospital Tübingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
³² Department of Internal Medicine I, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
³³ Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Bonn University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
³⁴ Department of General Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
³⁵ Klinik für Kinder und Jugendmedizin I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
³⁶ Prof.-Hess Childrens Hospital, Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Bremen, Germany.
³⁷ Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology and Hopp Children's Tumor Center, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
³⁸ Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
³⁹ Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Saarland University Homburg, Homburg, Germany.
⁴⁰ Division for Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Clinic Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany.
⁴² Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
⁴³ Pediatrics 5 (Oncology, Hematology, Immunology), Center for Pediatric, Adolescent and Women's Medicine, Klinikum Stuttgart - Olgahospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
⁴⁴ Oncology Hematology Division, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
⁴⁵ RWTH University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
⁴⁶ Clinic of Pediatrics, Klinikum Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
⁴⁷ Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Amsterdamer Strasse, Cologne, Germany.
⁴⁸ Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
⁴⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Vivantes Clinic, Berlin, Germany.
⁵⁰ Clinic of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Hospitals Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany.
⁵¹ Department of Pediatric and Adolescents Medicine, Helios Hospital Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany.
⁵² Department for Pediatrics I, Martin Luther University Hospital, Halle, Germany.
⁵³ dsai - Deutsche Selbsthilfe Angeborene Immundefekte e.V. (Patient Organization) e.V., Schnaitsee, Germany.
⁵⁴ DZIF - German Center for Infection Research, Satellite Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
⁵⁵ CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.

PMID: 31379802
PMCID: PMC6659583
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01272

Abstract

Introduction: The German PID-NET registry was founded in 2009, serving as the first national registry of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in Germany. It is part of the European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) registry. The primary purpose of the registry is to gather data on the epidemiology, diagnostic delay, diagnosis, and treatment of PIDs. Methods: Clinical and laboratory data was collected from 2,453 patients from 36 German PID centres in an online registry. Data was analysed with the software Stata® and Excel. Results: The minimum prevalence of PID in Germany is 2.72 per 100,000 inhabitants. Among patients aged 1-25, there was a clear predominance of males. The median age of living patients ranged between 7 and 40 years, depending on the respective PID. Predominantly antibody disorders were the most prevalent group with 57% of all 2,453 PID patients (including 728 CVID patients). A gene defect was identified in 36% of patients. Familial cases were observed in 21% of patients. The age of onset for presenting symptoms ranged from birth to late adulthood (range 0-88 years). Presenting symptoms comprised infections (74%) and immune dysregulation (22%). Ninety-three patients were diagnosed without prior clinical symptoms. Regarding the general and clinical diagnostic delay, no PID had undergone a slight decrease within the last decade. However, both, SCID and hyper IgE- syndrome showed a substantial improvement in shortening the time between onset of symptoms and genetic diagnosis. Regarding treatment, 49% of all patients received immunoglobulin G (IgG) substitution (70%-subcutaneous; 29%-intravenous; 1%-unknown). Three-hundred patients underwent at least one hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Five patients had gene therapy. Conclusion: The German PID-NET registry is a precious tool for physicians, researchers, the pharmaceutical industry, politicians, and ultimately the patients, for whom the outcomes will eventually lead to a more timely diagnosis and better treatment.

Keywords: CVID; European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID); German PID-NET registry; IgG substitution therapy; PID prevalence; primary immunodeficiency (PID); registry for primary immunodeficiency.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Registration progress since start of PID-NET registry.

**Figure 2**
Registered PID-distribution in Germany, July 2017. The size of the circles is proportional to the numbers of patients. In one city there can be one or multiple centres participating in registering patient data. The base map was adapted with the permission of d-maps.com (https://d-maps.com).

**Figure 3**
Main categories of PID based on the IUIS classification of 2,453 patients.

**Figure 4**
Age and gender distribution of 2,239 living PID patients at “date of last news”. **(A)** Living patients with date of last news, **(B)** Living patients without HSCT or gene therapy, **(C)** Living patients with HSCT.

**Figure 5**
Onset of presenting symptoms.

**Figure 6**
Diagnostic delay: **(A)** diagnostic delay of 527 CVID patients, **(B)** diagnostic delay of 89 CGD patients, **(C)** diagnostic delay of 87 agammaglobulinemia patients, **(D)** diagnostic delay of 40 SCID patients.

**Figure 7**
IgG substitution. **(A)** IgG substitution delay for 1,115 patients who received IgG replacement in the range of 3 years before PID diagnosis and 12 years afterwards. **(B)** Absolute IgG dose per month [g] of 822 patients ≥18 years of age. **(C)** Relative IgG dose (mg per kg body weight) for 1,062 patients.

**Figure 8**
IgG substitution and side effects. **(A)** Side effects in 128 patients (11%) [(iv, 32 patients (25%); sc, 96 patients (75%)] out of 1,140 patients with IgG substitution, included 39 patients [(iv, 13 patients (33%); sc, 26 patients (76%)] with “other side effects.” **(B)** Relative IgG dose and side effects (120 patients with side effects out of 1,061 patients). **(C)** Relative IgG dose and side effects in percent (120 patients with side effects out of 1,061 patients).

**Figure 9**
326 HSCTs performed between 1989 and 2016 for 294 patients.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

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The German National Registry of Primary Immunodeficiencies (2012-2017)

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