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. 2019 Jul 19:7:196.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00196. eCollection 2019.

Tobacco Smoking Affects the Salivary Gram-Positive Bacterial Population

Ghiles Grine  1   2 , Arthur Royer  1   2 , Elodie Terrer  1   2   3 , Ousmane Oumou Diallo  1   2 , Michel Drancourt  1   2 , Gérard Aboudharam  1   2   3
Affiliations

Tobacco Smoking Affects the Salivary Gram-Positive Bacterial Population

Ghiles Grine et al. Front Public Health. .

Retraction in

Abstract

The microbial communities of the oral fluid are in direct contact with tobacco smoke, which may thus affect these communities. Few culture-based studies have analyzed the effects of tobacco smoking on the oral fluid microbiota. Using bacterial culture we investigated whether tobacco smoking altered the microbial diversity of the oral fluid, focusing on aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria otherwise comprising of major pathogens. Among 90 oral fluid specimens collected in 19 tobacco-smokers and 71 controls, the diversity did not significantly differ with age and with sex. However, diversity was significantly lower in tobacco-smokers (nine different species) than in non-smokers (18 different species) with all the species cultured in tabocco-smokers being also cultured in non-smokers. We isolated the human pathogen Streptococcus australis for the first time from oral fluid. Tobacco smoking significantly alters the saliva Gram-positive bacterial microbiota, including pathogens with potential implication in the pathogenesis of tobacco-related diseases such as periodontitis and peri-implantitis.

Keywords: Streptococcus australis; Streptococcus spp; culture; gram-positive bacteria; oral fluid; tobacco smoking.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Number of bacterial species found in tobacco smokers and non-smokers. The histogram is showing the mean number of bacterial species accordingly to tobacco smoking/non-smoking status. In blue characters: Total number of samples; in red characters: total number of smoker samples; in green characters: total number of non-smoker samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Number of bacterial species found in males and females. The histogram is showing the mean number of bacterial species accordingly to males/females status. In blue characters: Total number of samples; in red characters: total number of sample in male patients; in green characters: total number of samples in female patients.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of bacterial species accordingly to status tobacco smokers/non-smokers. X-axis: name of the isolated bacterial species; y-axis: number of isolated bacterial species. The color codes represent the status smokers/non-smokers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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