Beam Energy and Centrality Dependence of Direct-Photon Emission from Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
Affiliations
- 1 University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
- 2 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia.
- 3 Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA and Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, New York 10533, USA.
- 4 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
- 5 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9337, USA.
- 6 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA.
- 7 Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
- 8 RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- 9 RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 10 Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- 11 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
- 12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
- 13 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
- 14 Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
- 15 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
- 17 SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes), BP 20722-44307 Nantes, France.
- 18 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 19 Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
- 20 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
- 21 IHEP Protvino, State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia.
- 22 ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary.
- 23 Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 24 Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA.
- 25 Dapnia, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- 26 University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
- 27 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
- 28 Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA.
- 29 Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10010, USA.
- 30 PNPI, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Leningrad region, Russia.
- 31 Institut für Kernphysik, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- 32 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
- 33 Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
- 34 Yonsei University, IPAP, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
- 35 National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123098, Russia.
- 36 National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia.
- 37 Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA.
- 38 KAERI, Cyclotron Application Laboratory, Seoul 34057, Korea.
- 39 Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
- 40 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 41 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- 42 Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
- 43 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- 44 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 400 085, India.
- 45 Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
- 46 Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
- 47 Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
- 48 Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
- 49 IPN-Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, BP1, F-91406 Orsay, France.
- 50 Eszterházy Károly University, Károly Róbert Campus, H-3200 Gyöngyös, Mátrai út 36, Hungary.
- 51 Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Wigner RCP, RMKI) H-1525 Budapest 114, POBox 49, Budapest, Hungary.
- 52 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
- 53 Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
- 54 Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, Caixa Postal 66318, São Paulo CEP05315-970, Brazil.
- 55 University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 56 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
- 57 Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
- 58 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
- 59 Physics Department, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
- 60 Charles University, Ovocný trh 5, Praha 1, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic.
- 61 LPC, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS-IN2P3, Clermont-Fd, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France.
- 62 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-0193, Japan.
- 63 Czech Technical University, Zikova 4, 166 36 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- 64 Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
- 65 Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA.
- 66 Nara Women's University, Kita-uoya Nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
- 67 Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
- 68 Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
- 69 Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195, Japan.
- 70 Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- 71 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
- 72 Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
- 73 Myongji University, Yongin, Kyonggido 449-728, Korea.
- 74 Waseda University, Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, 17 Kikui-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan.
- 75 Hanyang University, Seoul 133-792, Korea.
- 76 Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
- 77 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
- 78 Science and Technology on Nuclear Data Laboratory, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China.
- 79 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
- 80 Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia.
- 81 IPNL, CNRS/IN2P3, Univ Lyon, Universit Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
- 82 Physics Department, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan.
- PMID: 31386493
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.022301
Beam Energy and Centrality Dependence of Direct-Photon Emission from Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions
Authors
Affiliations
- 1 University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
- 2 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia.
- 3 Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA and Nevis Laboratories, Irvington, New York 10533, USA.
- 4 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.
- 5 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9337, USA.
- 6 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, USA.
- 7 Chemistry Department, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
- 8 RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
- 9 RIKEN BNL Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 10 Center for Nuclear Study, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- 11 New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA.
- 12 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
- 13 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
- 14 Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
- 15 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
- 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, SUNY, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3800, USA.
- 17 SUBATECH (Ecole des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes), BP 20722-44307 Nantes, France.
- 18 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 19 Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-IN2P3, Route de Saclay, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.
- 20 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
- 21 IHEP Protvino, State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino 142281, Russia.
- 22 ELTE, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, Hungary.
- 23 Collider-Accelerator Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA.
- 24 Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA.
- 25 Dapnia, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- 26 University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
- 27 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
- 28 Abilene Christian University, Abilene, Texas 79699, USA.
- 29 Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, New York 10010, USA.
- 30 PNPI, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina 188300, Leningrad region, Russia.
- 31 Institut für Kernphysik, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- 32 Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA.
- 33 Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia.
- 34 Yonsei University, IPAP, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
- 35 National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123098, Russia.
- 36 National Research Nuclear University, MEPhI, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow 115409, Russia.
- 37 Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-5586, USA.
- 38 KAERI, Cyclotron Application Laboratory, Seoul 34057, Korea.
- 39 Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
- 40 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
- 41 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
- 42 Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Korea.
- 43 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- 44 Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay 400 085, India.
- 45 Department of Physics, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
- 46 Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
- 47 Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
- 48 Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.
- 49 IPN-Orsay, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, BP1, F-91406 Orsay, France.
- 50 Eszterházy Károly University, Károly Róbert Campus, H-3200 Gyöngyös, Mátrai út 36, Hungary.
- 51 Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Wigner RCP, RMKI) H-1525 Budapest 114, POBox 49, Budapest, Hungary.
- 52 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA.
- 53 Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, USA.
- 54 Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, Caixa Postal 66318, São Paulo CEP05315-970, Brazil.
- 55 University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
- 56 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
- 57 Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
- 58 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
- 59 Physics Department, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
- 60 Charles University, Ovocný trh 5, Praha 1, 116 36 Prague, Czech Republic.
- 61 LPC, Université Blaise Pascal, CNRS-IN2P3, Clermont-Fd, 63177 Aubiere Cedex, France.
- 62 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 851-0193, Japan.
- 63 Czech Technical University, Zikova 4, 166 36 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
- 64 Department of Physics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
- 65 Department of Physics, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57197, USA.
- 66 Nara Women's University, Kita-uoya Nishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan.
- 67 Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
- 68 Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
- 69 Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2-4 Shirakata Shirane, Tokai-mura, Naka-gun, Ibaraki-ken 319-1195, Japan.
- 70 Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.
- 71 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan.
- 72 Debrecen University, H-4010 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
- 73 Myongji University, Yongin, Kyonggido 449-728, Korea.
- 74 Waseda University, Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, 17 Kikui-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0044, Japan.
- 75 Hanyang University, Seoul 133-792, Korea.
- 76 Helsinki Institute of Physics and University of Jyväskylä, P.O.Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
- 77 Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
- 78 Science and Technology on Nuclear Data Laboratory, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, People's Republic of China.
- 79 Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Bijenička c. 32, HR-10002 Zagreb, Croatia.
- 80 Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, prospekt 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7a, Moscow 117312, Russia.
- 81 IPNL, CNRS/IN2P3, Univ Lyon, Universit Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
- 82 Physics Department, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan.
- PMID: 31386493
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.022301
Abstract
The PHENIX collaboration presents first measurements of low-momentum (0.4<p_{T}<3 GeV/c) direct-photon yields from Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=39 and 62.4 GeV. For both beam energies the direct-photon yields are substantially enhanced with respect to expectations from prompt processes, similar to the yields observed in Au+Au collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=200. Analyzing the photon yield as a function of the experimental observable dN_{ch}/dη reveals that the low-momentum (>1 GeV/c) direct-photon yield dN_{γ}^{dir}/dη is a smooth function of dN_{ch}/dη and can be well described as proportional to (dN_{ch}/dη)^{α} with α≈1.25. This scaling behavior holds for a wide range of beam energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider, for centrality selected samples, as well as for different A+A collision systems. At a given beam energy, the scaling also holds for high p_{T} (>5 GeV/c), but when results from different collision energies are compared, an additional sqrt[s_{NN}]-dependent multiplicative factor is needed to describe the integrated-direct-photon yield.