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Review
. 2019 Aug 7;11(8):1130.
doi: 10.3390/cancers11081130.

MicroRNA-361: A Multifaceted Player Regulating Tumor Aggressiveness and Tumor Microenvironment Formation

Daozhi Xu  1 , Peixin Dong  2 , Ying Xiong  3 , Junming Yue  4   5 , Kei Ihira  1 , Yosuke Konno  1 , Noriko Kobayashi  1 , Yukiharu Todo  6 , Hidemichi Watari  7
Affiliations
Review

MicroRNA-361: A Multifaceted Player Regulating Tumor Aggressiveness and Tumor Microenvironment Formation

Daozhi Xu et al. Cancers (Basel). .

Abstract

MicroRNA-361-5p (miR-361) expression frequently decreases or is lost in different types of cancers, and contributes to tumor suppression by repressing the expression of its target genes implicated in tumor growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, drug resistance, glycolysis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Here, we review the expression pattern of miR-361 in human tumors, describe the mechanisms responsible for its dysregulation, and discuss how miR-361 modulates the aggressive properties of tumor cells and alter the tumor microenvironment by acting as a novel tumor suppressor. Furthermore, we describe its potentials as a promising diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for cancers and a promising target for therapeutic development.

Keywords: EMT; angiogenesis; cancer diagnosis; cancer treatment; microRNA-361; tumor microenvironment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Summary of literature search, screening and selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mechanisms of miR-361 dysregulation in tumors. (A) Reported mechanisms responsible for miR-361 downregulation in tumors. (B) OncoPrint of cBioPortal showing the genetic alterations of miR-361 (deep deletion) in tumor samples obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-cervical cancer, TCGA-colon cancer, and TCGA-esophageal cancer datasets. Each bar indicates the individual cases and % on the left indicates the percentage of cases altered in the human miR-361 gene.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Validated targets and signaling pathways regulated by miR-361 in human tumor cells. FGFR1: Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1; Sp1: Transcription factor; STAT6: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6; PKM2: pyruvate kinase M2; PDHK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; LDHA: lactate dehydrogenase A; TCF4: Transcription factor 4; CXCR6: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 6; RQCD1: CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 9; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; SND1: Staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1; MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase; IL: interleukin; INF-α/γ: interferon α/γ; VEGF-A: vascular endothelial growth factor A.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Oncomine analysis indicates higher expression of the predicted miR-361 targets in ovarian cancer tissues. The box plots revealed the expression levels of ARF4 (A, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)), DEPDC1B (B, Yoshihara), EPHA4 (C, Lu), PHACTR4 (D, Bonome), BSG (E, Bonome), RAC1 (F, Lu), Twist (G, Welsh) and VEGF-A (H, Lu) in ovarian cancer tissues with respect to normal tissues. P-values were calculated using the Oncomine database through two-sided Student’s t-test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
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