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Review
. 2019 Jul 25:10:1722.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01722. eCollection 2019.

Vaccine Evolution and Its Application to Fight Modern Threats

Emanuele Andreano  1   2   3 , Ugo D'Oro  2 , Rino Rappuoli  2   3   4 , Oretta Finco  2
Affiliations
Review

Vaccine Evolution and Its Application to Fight Modern Threats

Emanuele Andreano et al. Front Immunol. .

Abstract

Before the development of the first vaccine, infectious diseases were a major cause of death around the globe with life expectancy estimated to be <50 years. Three measures have helped to drastically reduce the burden of infectious diseases but only vaccines have proven to be able to eradicate infectious agents. Herein, we describe new methodologies that have paved the way for what is currently known as modern vaccinology and the use of vaccines to tackle antimicrobial resistance, the biggest global threat of our time.

Keywords: antimicrobial resistance (AMR); infectious diseases; vaccine development; vaccines; vaccinology.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Vaccine evolution. Schematic representation of the burden of infectious diseases before vaccination was introduced (red), technological and methodological advances in vaccinology following the introduction of the first vaccine (blue), and the future use and implementation of vaccine development to fight modern threats (green).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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