Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Aug 11;20(16):3910.
doi: 10.3390/ijms20163910.

From Green Remediation to Polymer Hybrid Fabrication with Improved Optical Band Gaps

M A Brza  1   2 , Shujahadeen B Aziz  3   4 , H Anuar  1 , Muataz Hazza F Al Hazza  1
Affiliations

From Green Remediation to Polymer Hybrid Fabrication with Improved Optical Band Gaps

M A Brza et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

The present work proposed a novel approach for transferring high-risk heavy metals tometal complexes via green chemistry remediation. The method of remediation of heavy metals developed in the present work is a great challenge for global environmental sciences and engineering because it is a totally environmentally friendly procedure in which black tea extract solution is used. The FTIR study indicates that black tea contains enough functional groups (OH and NH), polyphenols and conjugated double bonds. The synthesis of copper complex was confirmed by the UV-vis, XRD and FTIR spectroscopic studies. The XRD and FTIR analysis reveals the formation of complexation between Cu metal complexes and Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) host matrix. The study of optical parameters indicates that PVA-based hybrids exhibit a small optical band gap, which is close to inorganic-based materials. It was noted that the absorption edge shifted to lower photon energy. When Cu metal complexes were added to PVA polymer, the refractive index was significantly tuned. The band gap shifts from 6.2 eV to 1.4 eV for PVA incorporated with 45 mL of Cu metal complexes. The nature of the electronic transition in hybrid materials was examined based on the Taucs model, while a close inspection of the optical dielectric loss was also performed in order to estimate the optical band gap. The obtained band gaps of the present work reveal that polymer hybrids with sufficient film-forming capability could be useful to overcome the drawbacks associated with conjugated polymers. Based on the XRD results and band gap values, the structure-property relationships were discussed in detail.

Keywords: FTIR study; UV-vis study; XRD study; copper complex; extract tea solution; green remediation; optical properties; polymer hybrid; polyphenol.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
FTIR spectra of black tea leaves.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectra of colloidal copper complex.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
The proposed structure for the Cu metal complex formation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR spectra of (i) PVORG0 (pure Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) film), (ii) PVORG1, (iii) PVORG2, and (iv) PVORG3 in the region (a) 400 cm−1 to 1900 cm−1, and (b) 2500 cm−1 to 4000 cm−1.
Figure 4
Figure 4
XRD pattern for pure PVA and PVA doped with 45 mL organocopper (PVORG3).
Figure 5
Figure 5
XRD pattern for synthesized copper complex as deposited.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Absorptionspectra for colloidal suspension of copper complex.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Absorption spectra of pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Absorption coefficient vs photon energy for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Refractive index spectra versus wavelength for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Dielectric constant spectra versus wavelength for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Dielectric constant and energy band gap versus organocopper content.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Dielectric loss spectra versus photon energy for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Plot of (αhυ)2/3 vs. photon energy for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Plot of (αhυ)2 vs. photon energy for pure PVA (PVORG0) and PVA composite films.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Karman S.B., Diah S.Z.M., Gebeshuber I.C. Raw Materials Synthesis from Heavy Metal Industry Effluents with Bioremediation and Phytomining: A Biomimetic Resource Management Approach. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2015;2015:1–21. doi: 10.1155/2015/185071. - DOI
    1. Dodson J.R., Parker H.L., García A.M., Hicken A., Asemave K., Farmer T.J., He H., Clark J.H., Hunt A.J. Bio-derived materials as a green route for precious & critical metal recovery and re-use. Green Chem. 2015;17:1951–1965.
    1. Macek T., Mackova M. Microbial Biosorption Metal. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 2011. Potential of biosorption technology; pp. 7–17.
    1. Igiri B.E., Okoduwa S.I.R., Idoko G.O., Akabuogu E.P., Adeyi A.O., Ejiogu I.K. Toxicity and Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Contaminated Ecosystem from Tannery Wastewater: A Review. J. Toxicol. 2018;2018:1–16. doi: 10.1155/2018/2568038. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Jia P., Ouyang R., Cao P., Tong X., Zhou X., Lei T., Zhao Y., Guo N., Chang H., Miao Y., et al. Review: Recent advances and future development of metal complexes as anticancer agents. J. Coord. Chem. 2017;70:2175–2201. doi: 10.1080/00958972.2017.1349313. - DOI

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources