Prevalence and risk factors associated with human cystic echinococcosis in Iran

Abstract

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), as a zoonotic helminthic infection, imposes a large socioeconomic burden to societies throughout the world. This study aimed to analyze the demographic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic data of CE patients across all provinces in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, the mentioned data were routinely collected by provincial medical universities during the time from March 2016 to March 2017. The provincial population census was used to calculate the prevalence of CE per 1,000,000 populations for all provinces. T test and Chi squared test were used to compare variables between genders. Statistical analysis was done at 95% significant level using STATA 14 software. The overall prevalence of CE was 6.8 cases per 1,000,000 populations in Iran. The highest and lowest prevalence was reported for Northeast (15.2) and southeast (0.7) of Iran, respectively. There was a significant difference in the prevalence between male and female (5.8 vs. 7.9, p < 0.001). An increasing trend of the prevalence was found by age in both males and females. Abdominal pain was reported as the highest proportion of symptom (39.0%) and the liver was a commonly infected organ (62.7%). CT scan (39.0%) and MRI (1.9%) had the highest and lowest proportion among types of CE diagnosis, respectively. About 67% of the patients washed the vegetable by water without any disinfectant. Due to global efforts on the control and prevention of CE, it still remains endemic in many countries throughout the world. Incidence trend of CE in Iran showed being endemic for CE and more investigations are needed on all aspects of the disease.

Keywords: Cystic echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Epidemiology; Iran; Prevalence.

Fig. 1

Map depicting prevalence rate of human cystic echinococcosis per 1,000,000 populations across the provinces in Iran

Fig. 2

Trend of monthly prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis by sex in Iran in 2016