Developing a phone-based measure of impairment after acute oral ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Abstract

Background: Acute consumption of cannabis or its primary psychoactive ingredient ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol has been shown to impair memory, reaction time, time perception, and attention. However, it is difficult to measure these impairments in a brief test that can be used in a non-laboratory setting.

Aims: We aim to develop and validate a prototype for a mobile phone application to measure ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced cognitive impairment.

Methods: We conducted two double-blind, within-subjects studies examining impairments after oral doses of ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (0, 7.5, 15 mg) using both standardized computer-based tasks and our novel phone-based tasks. The tasks measured cognitive speed, reaction time, fine motor ability, and working memory and, in the second study, time perception. Study 1 (n=24) provided initial data, and Study 2 (n=24) was designed to refine the measures. In both studies, healthy non-daily cannabis users participated in three four-hour experimental sessions in which they received capsules containing ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (7.5, 15 mg) or placebo. Subjective and cardiovascular measures were obtained at regular intervals, and at the time of peak drug effect subjects completed both standardized, computer-based and brief, phone-based tasks.

Results: ∆⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol-induced impairment was detected on most of the computer tasks, but was not evident on most of the phone tasks.

Conclusions: The phone tasks were brief, to facilitate use in a non-laboratory setting, but it is likely that this made them less sensitive to the impairing effects of ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol. These findings confirm that ∆⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol impairs performance on several tasks at two recreationally relevant doses, but raises question about the feasibility of designing a phone application as a sensitive field sobriety test for cannabis.

Keywords: Cannabis; driving; dronabinol; marijuana; ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Figure 1.

Study 1 computer and phone-based task performance. (a) Mean (±standard error of the mean (SEM)) Two Column Addition accuracy (#Correct/Total); (b) mean (±SEM) computer based response time (ms);(c) mean (±SEM) computer-based memory span (maximum of nine);(d) mean (±SEM) phone application (app)-based left hand finger tapping. SE: standard error; THC: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Error Bars: +/– 1 SE.

Figure 2.

Study 2 computer-based task performance. (a) Mean (±standard error of the mean (SEM)) Two Column Addition accuracy (#Correct/Total); (b) mean (±SEM) computer based response time (ms); (c) mean (±SEM) computer-based memory span (maximum of nine). SE: standard error; THC: Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol. Error Bars: +/– 1 SE.