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. 2019 Jul 30:10:953.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00953. eCollection 2019.

Waterlogging Tolerance at Germination in Field Pea: Variability, Genetic Control, and Indirect Selection

Md Shahin Uz Zaman  1   2   3 , Al Imran Malik  1 , Parwinder Kaur  1   2 , Federico Martin Ribalta  1 , William Erskine  1   2
Affiliations

Waterlogging Tolerance at Germination in Field Pea: Variability, Genetic Control, and Indirect Selection

Md Shahin Uz Zaman et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

In the Eastern Gangetic Plain of South Asia field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is often grown as a relay crop where soil waterlogging (WL) causes germination failure. To assess if selection for WL tolerance is feasible, we studied the response to WL stress at germination stage in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from a bi-parental cross between WL-contrasting parents and in a diversity panel to identify extreme phenotypes, understand the genetics of WL tolerance and find traits for possible use in indirect selection. The RIL population and the diversity panel were screened to test the ability of germination under both waterlogged and drained soils. A total of 50, most WL tolerant and sensitive, genotypes from each of both the RIL and the diversity panel were further evaluated to assay testa integrity/leakage in CaSO4 solution. Morphological characterization of both populations was undertaken. A wide range of variation in the ability to germination in waterlogged soil was observed in the RIL population (6-93%) and the diversity panel (5-100%) with a high broad-sense heritability (H 2 > 85%). The variation was continuously distributed indicating polygenic control. Most genotypes with a dark colored testa (90%) were WL tolerant, whereas those with a light colored testa were all WL sensitive in both the RIL population and diversity panel. Testa integrity, measured by electrical conductivity of the leakage solute, was strongly associated with WL tolerance in the RIL population (r G = -1.00) and the diversity panel (r G = -0.90). Therefore, testa integrity can be effectively used in indirect selection for WL tolerance. Response to selection for WL tolerance at germination is confidently predicted enabling the adaptation of the ancient model pea to extreme precipitation events at germination.

Keywords: Pisum sp.; germination; indirect selection; secondary traits; waterlogging tolerance.

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Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Variation of germination/WL tolerance on 8 d waterlogged soil in RIL population (A,B) and diversity panel (C,D). Emergence started from 3 d after sowing and was completed by 23 d. Germination was recorded daily for each seed in both the waterlogged and recovery periods. Seeds with an epicotyl longer than 5 mm were considered as germinated. The l.s.d. is at P = 0.05 and n = 324 and 330 for RIL population and diversity panel, respectively.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Association of percent germination/WL tolerance with geographic region of origin after 8 d of soil WL. Box plot represents mean germination (mid-point of box plot), standard error (box plot length), together with minimum and maximum values (whisker bars). Multiple comparison was (l.s.d., P = 0.05) based on one-way ANOVA (P < 0.001) by geographic region of origin. Means followed by different letters are significantly different at P = 0.05. The number in brackets denotes the number of genotypes in a region.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Categorization of testa color into (A) dark and (B) light; and distribution of genotypes based on testa color and germination from waterlogged soil for (C) RIL population and (D) diversity panel. Box plot represents mean germination (mid-point of box plot), standard error (box plot length), together with minimum and maximum values (whisker bars). The number in parentheses denotes the number of genotypes per group.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Germination versus EC of 0.5 mM CaSO4 solution following 6 d of seed submergence. In RIL population (A) association between EC and germination, (B) intact testa with germination in tolerant genotypes, and (C) dissolved testa without germination in sensitive genotypes. Similarly in diversity panel (D) association between EC and germination, (E) intact testa with germination in tolerant genotypes, and (F) dissolved testa without germination in sensitive genotypes. Germination was counted by observing the radical longer than 3 mm in the respective solution. The values on the centrifuge tube refer to EC values (μS cm–1 g–1 seed) measured at 6 d seed submergence. Brown and green circles in (A) and (D) refer to tolerant and sensitive genotypes, respectively.
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