Nano-Co-Delivery of Berberine and Anticancer Drug Using PLGA Nanoparticles: Exploration of Better Anticancer Activity and In Vivo Kinetics

Abstract

Purpose: Combinatorial approach can be beneficial for cancer treatment with better patient recovery. Co-delivery of natural and synthetic anticancer drug not only valuable to achieve better anticancer effectivity but also to ascertain toxicity. This study was aimed to co-deliver berberine (natural origin) and doxorubicin (synthetic origin) utilizing conjugation/encapsulation strategy through poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles.

Methods: Doxorubicin was efficiently conjugated to PLGA via carbodiimide chemistry and the PLGA-doxorubicin conjugate (PDC) was used for encapsulation of berberine (PDBNP).

Results: Significant anti-proliferative against MDA-MB-231 and T47D breast cancer cell lines were observed with IC₅₀ of 1.94 ± 0.22 and 1.02 ± 0.36 μM, which was significantly better than both the bio-actives (p < 0.05). The ROS study revealed that the PDBNP portrayed the slight increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) pattern in MDA-MB-231 cell line in a dose-dependent manner, while in T47D cells, no significant change in ROS was seen. PDBNP exhibits significant alteration (depolarization) in mitochondrial membrane permeability and arrest of cell cycle progression at sub G1 phase while the Annexin V/PI assay followed by confocal microscopy resulted into cell death mode to be because of necrosis against MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo studies in Sprague Dawley rats revealed almost 14-fold increase in half life and a significant increase in plasma drug concentration.

Conclusion: The overall approach of PLGA based co-delivery of doxorubicin and berberine witnessed synergetic effect and reduced toxicity as evidenced by preliminary toxicity studies.

Keywords: PLGA-doxorubicin conjugate; berberine; encapsulation; in vivo pharmacokinetics; mitochondrial pathway; necrosis.