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Review
. 2019 Aug 16;7(3):e10010.
doi: 10.2196/10010.

Artificial Intelligence Versus Clinicians in Disease Diagnosis: Systematic Review

Jiayi Shen #  1   2 , Casper J P Zhang #  3 , Bangsheng Jiang  4   5 , Jiebin Chen  6 , Jian Song  7 , Zherui Liu  6 , Zonglin He  4   5 , Sum Yi Wong  4   5 , Po-Han Fang  4   5 , Wai-Kit Ming  1   4   8   9
Affiliations
Review

Artificial Intelligence Versus Clinicians in Disease Diagnosis: Systematic Review

Jiayi Shen et al. JMIR Med Inform. .

Abstract

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has been extensively used in a range of medical fields to promote therapeutic development. The development of diverse AI techniques has also contributed to early detections, disease diagnoses, and referral management. However, concerns about the value of advanced AI in disease diagnosis have been raised by health care professionals, medical service providers, and health policy decision makers.

Objective: This review aimed to systematically examine the literature, in particular, focusing on the performance comparison between advanced AI and human clinicians to provide an up-to-date summary regarding the extent of the application of AI to disease diagnoses. By doing so, this review discussed the relationship between the current advanced AI development and clinicians with respect to disease diagnosis and thus therapeutic development in the long run.

Methods: We systematically searched articles published between January 2000 and March 2019 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis in the following databases: Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. According to the preset inclusion and exclusion criteria, only articles comparing the medical performance between advanced AI and human experts were considered.

Results: A total of 9 articles were identified. A convolutional neural network was the commonly applied advanced AI technology. Owing to the variation in medical fields, there is a distinction between individual studies in terms of classification, labeling, training process, dataset size, and algorithm validation of AI. Performance indices reported in articles included diagnostic accuracy, weighted errors, false-positive rate, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The results showed that the performance of AI was at par with that of clinicians and exceeded that of clinicians with less experience.

Conclusions: Current AI development has a diagnostic performance that is comparable with medical experts, especially in image recognition-related fields. Further studies can be extended to other types of medical imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging and other medical practices unrelated to images. With the continued development of AI-assisted technologies, the clinical implications underpinned by clinicians' experience and guided by patient-centered health care principle should be constantly considered in future AI-related and other technology-based medical research.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; deep learning; diagnosis; diagnostic imaging; image interpretation, computer-assisted; patient-centered care.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of study inclusion and exclusion process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of bias in the included studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Risk of bias in the included studies.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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