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Review
. 2019 Aug 19;8(8):1254.
doi: 10.3390/jcm8081254.

Kidney Disease in HIV Infection

Gaetano Alfano  1   2 , Gianni Cappelli  3   4 , Francesco Fontana  4 , Luca Di Lullo  5 , Biagio Di Iorio  6 , Antonio Bellasi  7 , Giovanni Guaraldi  8
Affiliations
Review

Kidney Disease in HIV Infection

Gaetano Alfano et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly improved life expectancy of infected subjects, generating a new epidemiological setting of people aging withHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). People living with HIV (PLWH), having longer life expectancy, now face several age-related conditions as well as side effects of long-term exposure of ART. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common comorbidity in this population. CKD is a relentlessly progressive disease that may evolve toward end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and significantly affect quality of life and risk of death. Herein, we review current understanding of renal involvement in PLWH, mechanisms and risk factors for CKD as well as strategies for early recognition of renal dysfunction and best care of CKD.

Keywords: CKD; HIV; antiretroviral therapy; chronic kidney disease; nephrotoxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A schematic view of the nephron (functional unit of the kidney) and potential HIV involvement. Glomerular involvement has been described in HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) (collapsing glomerulopathy); focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), not otherwise specified; immune complex kidney disease. Tubulointerstitial involvement has been described as tubulointerstitial-dominant HIV-related diseases or secondary to antiretroviral agents that may cause direct renal injury manifesting with tubular dysfunction, acute interstitial nephritis and renal calculi. Vascular involvement called vascular-dominant HIV-related diseases such as thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) syndrome, porpora thrombocytopenic (TTP), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) have also been reported.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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