Long-term isolation at a low effective population size greatly reduced genetic diversity in Gulf of California fin whales

Abstract

The Gulf of California, Mexico is home to many cetacean species, including a presumed resident population of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus. Past studies reported very low levels of genetic diversity among Gulf of California fin whales and a significant level of genetic differentiation from con-specifics in the eastern North Pacific. The aim of the present study was to assess the degree and timing of the isolation of Gulf of California fin whales in a population genetic analysis of 18 nuclear microsatellite genotypes from 402 samples and 565 mitochondrial control region DNA sequences (including mitochondrial sequences retrieved from NCBI). The analyses revealed that the Gulf of California fin whale population was founded ~2.3 thousand years ago and has since remained at a low effective population size (~360) and isolated from the eastern North Pacific (N_em between 0.89-1.4). The low effective population size and high degree of isolation implied that Gulf of California fin whales are vulnerable to the negative effects of genetic drift, human-caused mortality and habitat change.

Figure 1

Map of the sampling areas and sample sizes.

Figure 2

Media Joining network inferred from fin whale mtCR DNA sequence haplotypes. The haplotype of the individual sampled in the Gulf of California inferred to be a first-generation immigrant is marked with a square.