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. 2017 May 22;2(5):2214-2223.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00242. eCollection 2017 May 31.

Dependences of Rheological and Compression Mechanical Properties on Cellular Structures for Impact-Protective Materials

Miao Tang  1   2 , Gang Huang  2   3 , Huanhuan Zhang  2   3 , Yuling Liu  2   4 , Haijian Chang  5 , Hongzan Song  4 , Donghua Xu  2 , Zhigang Wang  1
Affiliations

Dependences of Rheological and Compression Mechanical Properties on Cellular Structures for Impact-Protective Materials

Miao Tang et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

In this study, three typical impact-protective materials, D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION were chosen to explore the dependences of rheological and compression mechanical properties on the internal cellular structures with polymer matrix characteristics, which were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analyses, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. The rheological property of these three foaming materials were examined using a rheometer, and the mechanical property in a compression mode was further examined using an Instron universal tensile testing machine. The dependences of rheological parameters, such as dynamic moduli, normalized moduli, and loss tangent, on angular frequency, and the dependences of mechanical properties in compression, such as the degree of strain-hardening, hysteresis, and elastic recovery, on the strain rate for D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION can be well-correlated with their internal cellular structural parameters, revealing, for example, that D3O and PORON XRD exhibit simultaneously high strength and great energy loss in a high-frequency impact, making them suitable for use as soft, close-fitting materials; however, DEFLEXION dissipates much energy whether it suffers a large strain rate or not, making it suitable for use as a high-risk impact-protective material. The rheometry and compression tests used in this study can provide the basic references for selecting and characterizing certain impact-protective materials for applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustrative images showing the locations of D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION in the commercial impact-protective products.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM micrographs taken on the surface (A, left panel) and internal section (B, right panel) for D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION. The scale bar in the left bottom micrograph represents 200 μm and is applied to other micrographs as well.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cell size distributions for the internal structures of (a) D3O, (b) PORON XRD, and (c) DEFLEXION.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Changes in the storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ vs angular frequency ω for (a) D3O, (b) PORON XRD, and (c) DEFLEXION as measured at 25 °C with different axial forces.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Changes in the normalized storage modulus G′ and loss modulus G″ by the moduli at 0.1 rad/s vs angular frequency ω for (a) D3O, (b) PORON XRD, and (c) DEFLEXION as measured at 25 °C with different axial forces.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Changes in tan δ vs angular frequency ω for (a) D3O, (b) PORON XRD, and (c) DEFLEXION as measured at 25 °C with different axial forces.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Stress–strain curves for (a) D3O, (b) PORON XRD, and (c) DEFLEXION in compressive tests with different compression rates. The inset in each plot shows the stress–strain curves in the low stress range. The numbers corresponding to the color lines in (a) represent the compression rates in the unit of mm/min.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Changes in the (a) Young’s modulus for compression, Elin, (b) Young’s modulus in the vicinity of the strain of 75%, Emax, and (c) ratio of Emax to Elin, Emax/Elin, with the strain rate for D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Changes in the (a) hysteresis energy Uhys and (b) hysteresis uhys with the strain rate for D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Changes in the ER with the strain rate for D3O, PORON XRD, and DEFLEXION.
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