Microbiome and Mental Health, Specifically as It Relates to Adolescents

Abstract

Purpose of review: This article reviews the relationship of the microbiome, the gut-brain axis, and depression. It also will review factors which can influence this relationship, such as chronic stress, medications, and the Western diet typically consumed by adolescents.

Recent findings: Changes in the gut microbiome increase the release of microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) which activate a gut inflammatory response. Gut pro-inflammatory cytokines stimulate the afferent vagal nerve which in turn impacts the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis inducing symptoms associated with depression. Recent research suggests that gut inflammation can induce neuroinflammation which, in turn, stimulates microglia activation and the kynurenine pathway and can activate systemic inflammation-inducing depressive symptoms. Promoting a healthy diet and lifestyle changes, limiting exposure to pesticides, limiting medications that affect the microbiome and the use of such things pre/probiotics and other interventions may complement existing efforts to curb the rise in depression. Alternative and complementary therapies may serve as effective treatments in adolescents with depression.

Keywords: Adolescents; Anxiety, stress; Autism; Depression; Diet; Leaky gut; Microbiome; Probiotics.