Quality improvement in medical schools: vision meets culture

Abstract

Context: Medical schools face growing pressures to develop quality improvement (QI) strategies to ensure the continuous quality of their education. To best achieve quality, both organisational processes and culture need to be oriented towards quality. Quality processes already exist at medical schools, at least externally driven by accreditation. However, the dominant culture in most medical schools is not typically oriented towards quality.

Objectives: This study explores whether QI practices are recognised as such in organisations not culturally QI-oriented. Specifically, it examines faculty members' perceptions about the degree of QI implementation in their medical education programmes. Understanding this perception will inform medical school leadership on how best to use resources for a successful execution of the school's QI vision.

Methods: Leaders, clinical teachers and formal teachers at 16 of the 17 Canadian medical schools were invited to complete the 'Are We Making Progress?' questionnaire of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award framework, the results of which have been broadly validated. The questionnaire measures the perceived level of QI implementation within organisations using 40 statements grouped under the framework's seven domains of performance excellence.

Results: A total of 491 respondents from 11 (69%) schools completed the questionnaire; 173 (35%) identified as clinical teachers, 150 (31%) as formal teachers, and 168 (34%) as leaders. Perceived QI implementation levels were low across programmes (0.70-1.90 in Rasch person measures) and for each category of respondents. This was especially true for the domains of 'Strategy', 'Measurement/analysis/knowledge management' and 'Operations'. Leaders' perceptions of QI implementation were higher than those of teachers.

Conclusions: Medical schools' existing QI processes are not recognised as QI activities. For QI strategies to succeed, a programme's culture must embrace QI. In the execution of their QI visions, medical schools should spend resources on embedding quality in the organisation culture in addition to strengthening existing QI practices, especially in the domains listed above.