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. 2020 Jan 30;100(2):509-516.
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.10020. Epub 2019 Nov 13.

Standardized Emblica officinalis fruit extract inhibited the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and displayed antioxidant potential

Muhammed Majeed  1   2   3 , Shaheen Majeed  1   2   3 , Lakshmi Mundkur  1 , Kalyanam Nagabhushanam  2 , Sivakumar Arumugam  1 , Kirankumar Beede  1 , Furqan Ali  1
Affiliations

Standardized Emblica officinalis fruit extract inhibited the activities of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 and displayed antioxidant potential

Muhammed Majeed et al. J Sci Food Agric. .

Abstract

Background: Emblica officinalis, known as amla in Ayurveda, has been used as a folk medicine to treat numerous pathological conditions, including diabetes. However, the novel extract of E. officinalis fruit extract (amla fruit extract, AFE, Saberry®) containing 100 g kg-1 β-glucogallin along with hydrolyzable tannins has not yet been extensively studied for its antidiabetic potential.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of AFE and its stability during gastric stress as well as its thermostability.

Methods: The effect of AFE on the inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase and salivary α-amylase enzymes was studied using starch and yeast α-glucosidase enzyme using 4-nitrophenyl α-d-glucopyranoside as substrate. Further, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species inhibition assay was performed against AFE.

Results: AFE potently inhibited the activities of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in a concentration-dependent manner with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) values of 135.70 μg mL-1 and 106.70 μg mL-1 respectively. Furthermore, it also showed inhibition of α-glucosidase (IC50 562.9 μg mL-1 ) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4; IC50 3770 μg mL-1 ) enzyme activities. AFE is a potent antioxidant showing a free radical scavenging activity (IC50 2.37 μg mL-1 ) and protecting against cellular reactive oxygen species (IC50 1.77 μg mL-1 ), and the effects elicited could be attributed to its phytoconstituents.

Conclusion: AFE showed significant gastric acid resistance and was also found to be thermostable against wet heat. Excellent α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and DPP-4 inhibitory activities of AFE, as well as antioxidant activities, strongly recommend its use for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Keywords: DPP-4; Saberry®; amla fruit extract; type 2 diabetes mellitus; α-amylase; α-glucosidase; β-glucogallin.

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Conflict of interest statement

This study was supported by the Sami Labs Limited/Sabinsa Corporation. The authors are employees of Sabinsa Corporation/Sami Labs Limited, manufacturer and marketer of Saberry® (AFE). The funder did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of BGG.
Figure 2
Figure 2
HPLC chromatograms: (a) standard BGG; (b) AFE showing the presence of BGG.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Antioxidant activities of AFE determined by DPPH and ROS scavenging assay. Values are average mean of triplicates performed on two different occasions. Error bars represent plus/minus standard deviation.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of pH on the anti‐amylase activity of AFE was determined by preincubating at different pH values for 120 min.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of storage conditions (30 ± 2 °C with 65 ± 5% relative humidity) on the BGG and moisture content of AFE. There was no significant difference in the BGG and moisture content between the initial state and after 36 months of storage. Each time point represents the percentage mean (plus/minus standard deviation) of three different experiments performed in duplicate.
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