Observation of Light-by-Light Scattering in Ultraperipheral Pb+Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
Affiliations
- 1 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France.
- 2 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
- 3 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
- 4 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- 5 INFN Sezione di Pavia, Italy.
- 6 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- 7 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- 8 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.
- 9 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 10 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- 11 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
- 12 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- 13 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- 14 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.
- 15 INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy.
- 16 ICTP, Trieste, Italy.
- 17 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- 18 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- 19 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
- 20 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland.
- 21 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
- 22 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
- 23 Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 24 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
- 25 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.
- 26 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
- 27 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- 28 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- 29 Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
- 30 Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP, Portugal.
- 31 Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Spain.
- 32 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia.
- 33 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 34 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- 35 INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
- 36 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
- 37 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- 38 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden.
- 39 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- 40 INFN Bologna and Universita' di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy.
- 41 INFN Sezione di Bologna, Italy.
- 42 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- 43 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
- 44 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 45 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania.
- 46 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- 47 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
- 48 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- 49 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 50 INFN Sezione di Milano, Italy.
- 51 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
- 52 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 53 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
- 54 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- 55 INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy.
- 56 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
- 57 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- 58 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 59 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
- 60 Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- 61 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- 62 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
- 63 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- 64 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany.
- 65 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
- 66 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- 67 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- 68 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
- 69 Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 70 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- 71 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- 72 Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 73 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA.
- 74 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 75 Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 76 INFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy.
- 77 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy.
- 78 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
- 79 INFN Sezione di Roma, Italy.
- 80 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
- 81 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
- 82 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
- 83 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 84 University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
- 85 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
- 86 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
- 87 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- 88 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
- 89 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA.
- 90 Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
- 91 Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 92 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- 93 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
- 94 Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- 95 Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 96 INFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy.
- 97 Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
- 98 Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden.
- 99 Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 100 Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy.
- 101 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- 102 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
- 103 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
- 104 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
- 105 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- 106 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- 107 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- 108 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- 109 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
- 110 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 111 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
- 112 INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy.
- 113 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany.
- 114 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California, USA.
- 115 School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai, China.
- 116 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
- 117 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 118 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
- 119 Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
- 120 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- 121 California State University, California, USA.
- 122 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France.
- 123 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.
- 124 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- 125 Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
- 126 Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 127 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
- 128 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 129 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
- 130 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 131 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 132 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia.
- 133 Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies-Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco.
- 134 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France.
- 135 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
- 136 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
- 137 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 138 Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- 139 INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Italy.
- 140 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- 141 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- 142 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 143 Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- 144 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- 145 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
- 146 Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia.
- 147 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- 148 Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 149 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
- 150 Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
- 151 Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
- 152 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- 153 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
- 154 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 155 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- 156 Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 157 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
- 158 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy.
- 159 INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy.
- 160 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 161 Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- 162 Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 163 Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy.
- 164 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- 165 Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
- 166 High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
- 167 TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 168 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 169 Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- 170 Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- 171 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 172 Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
- 173 University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China.
- 174 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- 175 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- 176 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 177 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
- 178 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- 179 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
- 180 Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy.
- 181 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France.
- 182 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 183 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
- 184 Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- 185 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 186 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA.
- 187 Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda, Morocco.
- 188 Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- 189 Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil.
- 190 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 191 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- 192 Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco.
- 193 National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
- 194 INFN-TIFPA, Italy.
- 195 Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.
- 196 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
- 197 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada.
- 198 Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- 199 Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco.
- 200 West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
- 201 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
- 202 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
- 203 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- 204 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
- 205 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
- 206 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
- 207 School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 208 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- 209 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- 210 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
- 211 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- 212 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA.
- 213 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York, USA.
- 214 E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
- 215 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- 216 Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China.
- 217 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- 218 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
- 219 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- 220 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 221 Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 222 Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- 223 Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 224 Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia.
- 225 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 226 Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- 227 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia.
- 228 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan.
- 229 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
- 230 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
- 231 Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.
- 232 National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- 233 Centre de Calcul de l'Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France.
- 234 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA.
- 235 Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
- 236 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan.
- 237 Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- PMID: 31491300
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.052001
Observation of Light-by-Light Scattering in Ultraperipheral Pb+Pb Collisions with the ATLAS Detector
Authors
Affiliations
- 1 CPPM, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille, France.
- 2 Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA.
- 3 Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA.
- 4 Institute of Physics, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan.
- 5 INFN Sezione di Pavia, Italy.
- 6 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
- 7 II. Physikalisches Institut, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- 8 Department of Physics, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.
- 9 Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 10 Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- 11 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
- 12 Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- 13 Department of Physics, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- 14 High Energy Physics Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.
- 15 INFN Gruppo Collegato di Udine, Sezione di Trieste, Udine, Italy.
- 16 ICTP, Trieste, Italy.
- 17 International Center for Elementary Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- 18 Institut für Physik, Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
- 19 LAL, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS/IN2P3, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.
- 20 AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Krakow, Poland.
- 21 Department of Physics, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA.
- 22 Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.
- 23 Department of Physics, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 24 Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland.
- 25 Particle Physics Department, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.
- 26 Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, USA.
- 27 LPC, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS/IN2P3, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
- 28 Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics, Radboud University Nijmegen/Nikhef, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
- 29 Department of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania.
- 30 Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas-LIP, Portugal.
- 31 Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain), Spain.
- 32 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia.
- 33 Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 34 Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- 35 INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy.
- 36 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.
- 37 Faculty of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- 38 Fysiska institutionen, Lunds universitet, Lund, Sweden.
- 39 P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
- 40 INFN Bologna and Universita' di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica, Italy.
- 41 INFN Sezione di Bologna, Italy.
- 42 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
- 43 Instituto de Física La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina.
- 44 CERN, Geneva, Switzerland.
- 45 Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest, Romania.
- 46 Institut für Physik, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- 47 Physics Department, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece.
- 48 Nikhef National Institute for Subatomic Physics and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- 49 Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 50 INFN Sezione di Milano, Italy.
- 51 Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
- 52 Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
- 53 Center for High Energy Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
- 54 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- 55 INFN Sezione di Napoli, Italy.
- 56 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli, Napoli, Italy.
- 57 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
- 58 Departamento de Física Teorica C-15 and CIAFF, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- 59 Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), Centro Mixto Universidad de Valencia-CSIC, Valencia, Spain.
- 60 Universidade Federal do Rio De Janeiro COPPE/EE/IF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- 61 Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- 62 Department of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA.
- 63 Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
- 64 Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg and Zeuthen, Germany.
- 65 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
- 66 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
- 67 IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
- 68 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
- 69 Physikalisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 70 Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics and Laboratory for High Energy Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- 71 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy.
- 72 Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- 73 Nevis Laboratory, Columbia University, Irvington, New York, USA.
- 74 Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics and NSU, SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 75 Novosibirsk State University Novosibirsk, Russia.
- 76 INFN Sezione di Pisa, Italy.
- 77 INFN e Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy.
- 78 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
- 79 INFN Sezione di Roma, Italy.
- 80 KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan.
- 81 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
- 82 Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
- 83 Group of Particle Physics, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- 84 University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
- 85 School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
- 86 Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
- 87 Laboratory for Particle Physics and Cosmology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
- 88 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.
- 89 Physics Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA.
- 90 Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
- 91 Department of Physics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- 92 Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
- 93 Department Physik, Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany.
- 94 Department of Modern Physics and State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
- 95 Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- 96 INFN Sezione di Lecce, Italy.
- 97 Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università del Salento, Lecce, Italy.
- 98 Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Sweden.
- 99 Oskar Klein Centre, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 100 Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy.
- 101 Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland.
- 102 Department of Physics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
- 103 Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
- 104 Department of Physics, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA.
- 105 School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- 106 Department of Particle Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- 107 Physikalisches Institut, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- 108 Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- 109 Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Fachgruppe Physik, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
- 110 School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- 111 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy.
- 112 INFN Sezione di Genova, Italy.
- 113 Max-Planck-Institut für Physik (Werner-Heisenberg-Institut), München, Germany.
- 114 SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford, California, USA.
- 115 School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, KLPPAC-MoE, SKLPPC, Shanghai, China.
- 116 Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and University of California, Berkeley, California, USA.
- 117 Konstantinov Nuclear Physics Institute of National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", PNPI, St. Petersburg, Russia.
- 118 Physics Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom.
- 119 Faculté des sciences, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
- 120 Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
- 121 California State University, California, USA.
- 122 LPNHE, Sorbonne Université, Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Paris, France.
- 123 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.
- 124 Physikalisches Institut, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- 125 Department of Physics Engineering, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
- 126 Bahcesehir University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 127 Departments of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
- 128 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität, Innsbruck, Austria.
- 129 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
- 130 Department of Physics, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- 131 Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- 132 National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia.
- 133 Faculté des Sciences Ain Chock, Réseau Universitaire de Physique des Hautes Energies-Université Hassan II, Casablanca, Morocco.
- 134 LAPP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS/IN2P3, Annecy, France.
- 135 Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
- 136 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
- 137 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 138 Dipartimento di Fisica E. Fermi, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
- 139 INFN Sezione di Roma Tre, Italy.
- 140 Institut für Kern- und Teilchenphysik, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- 141 Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- 142 Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
- 143 Institut de Física d'Altes Energies (IFAE), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- 144 D.V. Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
- 145 Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
- 146 Institute for High Energy Physics of the National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Protvino, Russia.
- 147 The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
- 148 Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 149 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan.
- 150 Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
- 151 Department of Subnuclear Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, Slovak Republic.
- 152 Department for Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
- 153 Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.
- 154 Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
- 155 II. Physikalisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
- 156 Department of Physics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- 157 Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
- 158 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, Rende, Italy.
- 159 INFN Gruppo Collegato di Cosenza, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Italy.
- 160 Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 161 Departamento de Física, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- 162 Istanbul Bilgi University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 163 Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma, Italy.
- 164 Palacký University, RCPTM, Joint Laboratory of Optics, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
- 165 Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
- 166 High Energy Physics Institute, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
- 167 TRIUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 168 Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- 169 Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
- 170 Physics Department, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- 171 Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
- 172 Department of Physics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
- 173 University of Chinese Academy of Science (UCAS), Beijing, China.
- 174 Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- 175 Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- 176 Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 177 Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Physik IV, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
- 178 Department of Experimental Particle Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute and Department of Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- 179 SUPA-School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
- 180 Dipartimento Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Università di Udine, Udine, Italy.
- 181 LPSC, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France.
- 182 Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- 183 Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
- 184 Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science and Key Laboratory of Particle Physics and Particle Irradiation (MOE), Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- 185 Departamento de Física, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- 186 Physics Department, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA.
- 187 Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohamed Premier and LPTPM, Oujda, Morocco.
- 188 Departamento de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
- 189 Universidade Federal de São João del Rei (UFSJ), São João del Rei, Brazil.
- 190 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
- 191 Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- 192 Faculté des Sciences Semlalia, Université Cadi Ayyad, LPHEA-Marrakech, Morocco.
- 193 National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Greece.
- 194 INFN-TIFPA, Italy.
- 195 Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento, Italy.
- 196 Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science, Nagasaki, Japan.
- 197 Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada.
- 198 Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- 199 Faculté des Sciences, Université Ibn-Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco.
- 200 West University in Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania.
- 201 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
- 202 Division of Physics and Tomonaga Center for the History of the Universe, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
- 203 Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- 204 B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus.
- 205 Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
- 206 Department of Physics, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
- 207 School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- 208 Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- 209 Graduate School of Science and Kobayashi-Maskawa Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
- 210 Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Byelorussian State University, Minsk, Belarus.
- 211 Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan.
- 212 Physics Department, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA.
- 213 Physics Department, SUNY Albany, Albany, New York, USA.
- 214 E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
- 215 Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- 216 Tsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai, China.
- 217 Research Center for Advanced Particle Physics and Department of Physics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
- 218 Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia.
- 219 Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- 220 Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
- 221 Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey.
- 222 Department of Physics and Institute for Advanced Study, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- 223 Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- 224 Facultad de Ciencias y Centro de Investigaciónes, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogota, Colombia.
- 225 Physics Department, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- 226 Centro de Física Nuclear da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
- 227 Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia.
- 228 Faculty of Applied Information Science, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, Hiroshima, Japan.
- 229 Faculty of Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
- 230 Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
- 231 Transilvania University of Brasov, Brasov, Romania.
- 232 National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, Physics Department, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- 233 Centre de Calcul de l'Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France.
- 234 Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA.
- 235 Division of Physics, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey.
- 236 Kyoto University of Education, Kyoto, Japan.
- 237 Departamento de Física, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- PMID: 31491300
- DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.052001
Abstract
This Letter describes the observation of the light-by-light scattering process, γγ→γγ, in Pb+Pb collisions at sqrt[s_{NN}]=5.02 TeV. The analysis is conducted using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.73 nb^{-1}, collected in November 2018 by the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Light-by-light scattering candidates are selected in events with two photons produced exclusively, each with transverse energy E_{T}^{γ}>3 GeV and pseudorapidity |η_{γ}|<2.4, diphoton invariant mass above 6 GeV, and small diphoton transverse momentum and acoplanarity. After applying all selection criteria, 59 candidate events are observed for a background expectation of 12±3 events. The observed excess of events over the expected background has a significance of 8.2 standard deviations. The measured fiducial cross section is 78±13(stat)±7(syst)±3(lumi) nb.