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. 2019 Sep 5;16(18):3263.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16183263.

The Influence of Forest Resting Environments on Stress Using Virtual Reality

Xiaobo Wang  1   2 , Yaxing Shi  3 , Bo Zhang  4 , Yencheng Chiang  5
Affiliations

The Influence of Forest Resting Environments on Stress Using Virtual Reality

Xiaobo Wang et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

To explore the effects of different types of forest environments for forest therapy, this study focused on forest resting environments. Seven representative forest resting environments found in field research in Beijing were used as independent variables and were shown to subjects by a virtual reality (VR) video. Stress level was used as the dependent variable, and blood pressure, heart rate, salivary amylase, and the Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) were used as physiological and psychological indicators. A between-subjects design was used in the experiment. A total of 96 subjects were randomly assigned to each environment type, and only one type of forest resting environment was observed. Through the relevant sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance, the pre- and post-test data of the indicators were analyzed. This study found that all the seven different types of forest resting environments can produce stress relief effects to some extent. Different types of forest resting environments have different effects on relieving stress. The most natural environment does not have the most significant effect on stress relief. A water landscape has a positive effect on the relief of stress. The conclusions of this study are conducive to the better use of the forest environment for forest therapy services.

Keywords: forest; forest therapy; resting environment; stress; water.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The videos of seven different types of forest resting environments: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Experimental process chart. VR-virtual reality; TSST-Trier Social Stress Test; BPOMS-Brief Profile of Mood States.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Pre- and post-test of blood pressure and heart rate: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants. Interpretation: * means p < 0.05, ** means p < 0.01.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Pre- and post-test of salivary amylase: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants. Interpretation: ** means p < 0.01.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The mean of the amount of change (ΔD) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP): (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The mean of the ΔD of heart rate: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The mean of the ΔD of salivary amylase: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Pre- and post-test of total mood disturbance (TMD): (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants. Interpretation: * means p < 0.05, ** means p < 0.01.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Pre- and post-test of each dimension of the BPOMS: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants. Interpretation: * means p < 0.05, ** means p < 0.01.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The mean value of the ΔD of the BPOMS: (1) structure, (2) wood, (3) wood with bench, (4) wood with platform and bench, (5) platform with trees, (6) waterfall with trees, and (7) pool with plants. T—tension, A—anxiety, F2014fatigue, V—vigor, C + D—confusion-depression.
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