Microbiome as an Immunological Modifier

Abstract

Humans are living ecosystems composed of human cells and microbes. The microbiome is the collection of microbes (microbiota) and their genes. Recent breakthroughs in the high-throughput sequencing technologies have made it possible for us to understand the composition of the human microbiome. Launched by the National Institutes of Health in USA, the human microbiome project indicated that our bodies harbor a wide array of microbes, specific to each body site with interpersonal and intrapersonal variabilities. Numerous studies have indicated that several factors influence the development of the microbiome including genetics, diet, use of antibiotics, and lifestyle, among others. The microbiome and its mediators are in a continuous cross talk with the host immune system; hence, any imbalance on one side is reflected on the other. Dysbiosis (microbiota imbalance) was shown in many diseases and pathological conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, diabetes, and cancer. The microbial composition mirrors inflammation variations in certain disease conditions, within various stages of the same disease; hence, it has the potential to be used as a biomarker.

Keywords: Dysbiosis; Metagenomics; Microbe–immune cell interactions; Microbiome; Microbiota.

Fig. 1

Integrative view of the gut microbiome. MAMPs microbial associated molecular patterns, PAMPs pathogens associated molecular patterns, SCFAs short chain fatty acids, DC dendritic cells, Il interleukin, Treg regulatory T-cells, Th T-helper