Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2019 Sep 12;9(9):e029672.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029672.

Inequalities and stillbirth in the UK: a meta-narrative review

Carol Kingdon  1 , Devender Roberts  2 , Mark A Turner  3 , Claire Storey  4 , Nicola Crossland  5 , Kenneth William Finlayson  5 , Soo Downe  6
Affiliations

Inequalities and stillbirth in the UK: a meta-narrative review

Carol Kingdon et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: To review what is known about the relationship between stillbirth and inequalities from different disciplinary perspectives to inform stillbirth prevention strategies.

Design: Systematic review using the meta-narrative method.

Setting: Studies undertaken in the UK.

Data sources: Scoping phase: experts in field, exploratory electronic searches and handsearching. Systematic searches phase: Nine databases with no geographical or date restrictions. Non-English language studies were excluded.

Study selection: Any investigation of stillbirth and inequalities with a UK component.

Data extraction and synthesis: Three authors extracted data and assessed study quality. Data were summarised, tabulated and presented graphically before synthesis of the unfolding storyline by research tradition; and then of the commonalities, differences and interplays between narratives into resultant summary meta-themes.

Results: Fifty-four sources from nine distinctive research traditions were included. The evidence of associations between social inequalities and stillbirth spanned 70 years. Across research traditions, there was recurrent evidence of the social gradient remaining constant or increasing, fuelling repeated calls for action (meta-theme 1: something must be done). There was less evidence of an effective response to these calls. Data pertaining to socioeconomic, area and ethnic disparities were routinely collected, but not consistently recorded, monitored or reported in relation to stillbirth (meta-theme 2: problems of precision). Many studies stressed the interplay of socioeconomic status, deprivation or ethnicity with aggregated factors including heritable, structural, environmental and lifestyle factors (meta-theme 3: moving from associations towards intersectionality and intervention(s)). No intervention studies were identified.

Conclusion: Research investigating inequalities and stillbirth in the UK is underdeveloped. This is despite repeated evidence of an association between stillbirth risk and poverty, and stillbirth risk, poverty and ethnicity. A specific research forum is required to lead the development of research and policy in this area, which can harness the multiple relevant research perspectives and address the intersections between different policy areas.

Prospero registration number: CRD42017079228.

Keywords: deprivation; ethnicity; inequalities; meta-narrative; poverty; social class; stillbirth.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: CK, SD, NC, KWF and CS report a grant from SANDS, the Stillbirth and Neonatal Death Charity, during the conduct of the study. CS also reports her position as vicechair of the International Stillbirth Alliance (ISA). DR and MAT have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
RAMESES-PRISMA diagram. RAMESES, Realist And MEta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Timeline of included studies by research tradition and the stillbirth rate in England and Wales 1945–2017.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Factors associated with inequalities and stillbirth.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Commission on Social Determinants of Health Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. final report of the Commission on social determinants of health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/
    1. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Jassir FB, et al. . National, regional, and worldwide estimates of stillbirth rates in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 2016;4:e98–108. 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00275-2 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Mullan Z, Horton R. Bringing stillbirths out of the shadows. The Lancet 2011;377:1291–2. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60098-6 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Frøen JF, Friberg IK, Lawn JE, et al. . Stillbirths: progress and unfinished business. The Lancet 2016;387:574–86. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00818-1 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Draper ES, Gallimore ID, Kurinczuk JJ, on behalf of the MBRRACE-UK Collaboration . MBRRACE-UK perinatal mortality surveillance report, UK perinatal deaths for births from January to December 2016. Leicester: The Infant Mortality and Morbidity Studies, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester; 2018.

Publication types