The effect of smoking on caries-related microorganisms

Abstract

Introduction: Epidemiological studies have shown a close relationship between smoking and dental caries. Bacteria are one of the essential factors of caries formation. The imbalance of cariogenic bacteria and commensal bacteria in dental plaque results in higher production of acid that can corrode dental hard tissue. The aim of our review is to summarize the effect of smoking on caries-related bacteria.

Methods: English articles available in Pubmed and ScienceDirect databases and published before December 2018 were searched. A variety of evidence was collected including not only the influence of cigarette products on bacteria strains in vitro but also their effect on bacterial composition in saliva and dental plaque in vivo. We particularly emphasize the mechanisms by which nicotine acts on oral bacteria.

Results: The components of cigarettes promote the growth of cariogenic microorganisms. The mechanisms of how nicotine enhances Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacilli, Streptococcus gordonii, Actinomyces and Candida albicans are described separately in detail. The commensal bacteria, Streptococcus sanguinis, show less competitive capability in the presence of nicotine. Smoking influences saliva by lowering the buffer capability, altering its chemical agent and bacterial components, and therefore promotes the formation of a caries-susceptible environment.

Conclusions: Cigarette smoking and nicotine exposure promote the cariogenic activity of oral microorganisms and the formation of a caries-susceptible environment. This suggests that smokers should quit smoking, amongst other health reasons, also for their oral health.

Keywords: bacterial virulence factors; dental caries; nicotine; smoking.

Figure 1

Effect of nicotine on different bacteria A green to red color gradient indicates an increase in cariogenicity. The unit of MIC/MBC/MBIC is mg/mL. The influence of nicotine on total growth, planktonic growth and biofilm formation are all estimated at sub-MIC level. PC: planktonic cells, BC: biofilm cells. ↑ represents facilitation. ~ represents no significant effects. ↓ represents inhibition. Absence of * next to gene expression indicates that only trends are not statistically significant

Figure 2

The effect of smoking on each stage of dental plaque formation