Evoked K-complexes and altered interaction between the central and autonomic nervous systems during sleep in alcohol use disorder

Abstract

There is evidence for impairment in both central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) function with prolonged alcohol use. While these impairments persist into abstinence, partial recovery of function has been demonstrated in both systems during sleep. To investigate potential ANS dysfunction associated with cortical CNS responses (impairment in CNS-ANS coupling), we assessed phasic heart rate (HR) fluctuation associated with tones that did and those that did not elicit a K-complex (KC) during stable N2 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in a group of 16 recently abstinent alcohol use disorder (AUD) patients (41.6 ± 8.5 years) and a group of 13 sex- and age-matched control participants (46.6 ± 9.3 years). Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) data were recorded throughout the night. Alcohol consumption questionnaires were also administered to the AUD patients. AUD patients had elevated HR compared to controls at baseline prior to tone presentation. The HR fluctuation associated with KCs elicited by tone presentation was significantly smaller in amplitude, and tended to be delayed in time, in the AUD group compared with the control group, and the subsequent deceleration was also smaller in AUD patients. In both groups, the increase in HR was larger and occurred earlier when KCs were produced than when they were not, and there was no difference in the magnitude of the KC effect between groups. Phasic HR changes associated with KCs elicited by tones are impaired in AUD participants, reflecting ANS dysfunction possibly caused by an alteration of cardiac vagal trafficking. However, only the timing of the HR response was found to relate to estimated lifetime alcohol consumption in AUD. The clinical meaning and implications of these novel findings need to be determined.

Keywords: K-complex; alcohol use disorder; arousal; heart rate; sleep.

Fig. 1.

Heart rate changes observed following tone presentation that did (KCP, red bars) or did not (KCN, blue bars) elicit a K-complex during N2 sleep for the AUD (solid bars) and Control (shaded bars) groups. Left panel: Maximum acceleration in heart rate above baseline (IBI −4 to IBI −2). Right panel: Maximum deceleration in heart rate (up to IBI +8) from the maximum acceleration observed following tone presentation.

Fig. 2.

Percent change in heart rate from baseline (IBI −4 to IBI −2) following tone presentation that did (KCP, red lines) or did not (KCN, blue lines) elicit a K-complex during N2 sleep for the AUD (solid lines) and Control (dashed lines) groups. The tone was presented during IBI 0.