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. 2019 Sep 18;8(9):412.
doi: 10.3390/antiox8090412.

Metabolic Profiling of Buddleia indica Leaves using LC/MS and Evidence of their Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity Using Different In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models

Fadia S Youssef  1 , Mohamed L Ashour  2   3 , Hesham A El-Beshbishy  4   5 , Abdel Nasser B Singab  6 , Michael Wink  7
Affiliations

Metabolic Profiling of Buddleia indica Leaves using LC/MS and Evidence of their Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity Using Different In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models

Fadia S Youssef et al. Antioxidants (Basel). .

Abstract

LC-ESI-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry profiling of a methanol extract from Buddleia indica (BIM) leaves revealed 12 main peaks in which verbascoside and buddlenoid B represent the major compounds. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of BIM were investigated using different in vitro and in vivo experimental models. BIM exhibited substantial in vitro antioxidant properties in DPPH· and HepG2 assays. Regarding CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model, oxidative stress markers became significantly ameliorated after oral administration of BIM. Lipid peroxide levels showed a 51.85% decline relative to CCl4-treated rats. Super oxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant status (TAS), and catalase (CAT) revealed a marked increase by 132.48%, 187.18%, and 114.94% relative to the CCl4 group. In a tamoxifen-induced hepatotoxicity model, BIM showed a considerable alleviation in liver stress markers manifested by a 46.06% and 40% decline in ALT (Alanine Transaminase) and AST (Aspartate Transaminase) respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were reduced by 28.57% and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) level by 50%. A virtual screening of major secondary metabolites of BIM to TNF-alpha employing the C-docker protocol showed that gmelinoside H caused the most potent TNF- α inhibition as indicated from their high fitting scores. Thus, BIM exhibited a potent hepatoprotective activity owing to its richness in antioxidant metabolites.

Keywords: Buddleia indica; HepG2 cells; antioxidant activity; hepatoprotective activity; molecular modeling; scrophulariaceae.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
LC-ESI-MS (Liquid Chromatography coupled with Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry) profiling of the total methanol extract of Buddleia indica leaves, the numbers represent the peaks number that correspond to the compounds number.
Figure 2
Figure 2
A scheme representing the compounds identified from the total methanol extract of Buddleia indica leaves.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Influence of treatment with BIM extract on ALT, AST, and lipid peroxides level in (A) CCl4 treated rats and (B) tamoxifen citrate (TAM) treated rats. Results are expressed as means ± S.E.M. (n = 10). ALT and AST: Measured using spectrophotometric diagnostic kits. Lipid peroxidases: Measured spectrophotometrically at 535 nm. a Significantly different from normal control (p < 0.01); b Significantly different from CCl4/TAM control (p < 0.01).
Figure 4
Figure 4
2D and 3D binding mode of (A) GmelinosideH, (B) Verbascoside, and (C) Buddlenoid B in the active site of TNF-α.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Alignment of (A) Gmelinoside H, (B) Verbascoside, and (C) Buddlenoid B in the active pocket of TNF-α.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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