Development of a Mobility Diet Score (MDS) and Associations With Bone Mineral Density and Muscle Function in Older Adults

Abstract

Introduction: Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle function is associated with increased risk of multiple health related issues. Diet may play a role in sustaining BMD and muscle function throughout old age, but much is still to be learned with regards to which specific food groups and dietary patterns that are important for such outcomes. The aim of the current study was to identify food groups important for both BMD and muscle function. Methods: A narrative review was performed on studies published on dietary patterns and their association with BMD and muscle function, respectively. Based on these findings, two dietary indices were constructed characterizing food groups associated with BMD and muscle function, respectively. Associations between adherence to these indices and BMD and muscle function were then investigated in a population of older community-dwelling Danes. Food groups found to be associated with both BMD and muscle function in our study population were suggested for inclusion into a common dietary index named the Mobility Diet Score. Results: In contrast to previous studies, adherence to a dietary index based on foods previously linked to BMD could not be established as important for BMD in our study population of 184 older individuals (53.3% men). We found that adhering to a dietary index characterized by higher intakes of whole grains, dairy products, fish, legumes, nuts, fruit, and vegetables is associated with faster 400 m walking speeds and an increased number of chair stands measured over a 30 s time period. Since no food group could be established as important for both BMD and muscle function in our study population, a Mobility Diet Score could not be established. However, based on our narrative review, the food groups commonly associated with improved BMD and muscle function are similar. Conclusion: Adherence to a dietary index characterized by high intakes of whole grains, dairy products, fish, legumes, nuts, fruit, and vegetables was not found to be associated with BMD in a group of community-dwelling older Danes. However, our results indicate that the adherence to such foods could be important in sustaining physical function in older individuals.

Keywords: BMD; bone; diet; dietary pattern; elderly; muscle; nutrition; strength.

Figure 1

Food groups associated with bone mineral density (BMD). Count equals the number of times a food group was associated with BMD in our narrative review (only food groups with a cumulative count >25th percentile is shown). Update of de Jonge (13) review. Green color indicates that a food group was found to be associated with low BMD in one or several studies in the literature. Blue color indicates that a food group was found to be associated with high BMD.

Figure 2

Food groups associated with muscle function. Count equals the number of times a food group was associated with outcomes related to muscle function in our narrative review (only food groups with a cumulative count >25th percentile is shown). Green color indicates that a food group was found to be associated with low BMD in one or several studies in the literature. Blue color indicates that a food group was found to be associated with high BMD.