Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2020 May 3;16(5):1040-1049.
doi: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1674112. Epub 2019 Oct 29.

Validation study of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) questionnaire: the Malay version

Haizlene Abd Halim  1 , Suraya Abdul-Razak  1   2 , Mazapuspavina Md Yasin  1 , Mohamad Rodi Isa  3
Affiliations

Validation study of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) questionnaire: the Malay version

Haizlene Abd Halim et al. Hum Vaccin Immunother. .

Abstract

Vaccine hesitant parents are linked with re-emergence of vaccine preventable diseases, but evidence is scarce locally. The Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV) questionnaire was validated and used in the USA to identify vaccine hesitant parents. This study aimed to adapt and translate the 15-item PACV questionnaire from English into the Malay language, and to examine its validity and reliability. The sample population was parents of children aged 0-24 months, recruited at an urban government health clinic between November 2016-June 2017. During content validation, two items from the "Behavior" subdomain were identified as items with formative scale and excluded from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) but retained as part of demography. A total of 151 parents completed the questionnaire with response rate of 93.3%. Test-retest reliability was tested in 25 respondents four weeks later and the intra-class correlation was between 0.53 and 1.00. EFA of the 13 items showed possibility of two to four factor domains, but three domains were most conceptually equivalent. Two of the domains were similar to the original and one factor was identified de novo. One item was deleted due to poor factor loading of < 0.3. Therefore, the validated final PACV-Malay consisted of 12 items framed within three-factor domains. The PACV-Malay was reliable with total Cronbach alpha of 0.77. In conclusion, the PACV-Malay is a valid and reliable tool which can be used to identify vaccine hesitant parents in Malaysia. Confirmatory factor analysis and predictive validity are recommended for future studies.

Keywords: Malaysia; PACV; adaptation; childhood vaccinations; immunizations; questionnaire; translation; vaccine hesitancy; validation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Overview of the conduct of the study.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Scree plot of the PACV-M-H (3).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. World Health Organization . WHO in 60 years: a chronology of public health milestones. Geneva (Switzerland); 2008.
    1. World Health Organization . Vaccine safety basics. Geneva (Switzerland); 2013.
    1. Abdul-Razak S, Azzopardi PS, Patton GC, Mokdad AH, Sawyer SM.. Child and adolescent mortality across Malaysia’s epidemiological transition: A systematic analysis of global burden of disease data. J Adolesc Heal. 2017;61:424–33. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.014. - DOI - PubMed
    1. United Nations Development Program . Malaysia Millennium development goals report 2015. Wilayah Persekutuan, Malaysia; 2016. ISBN No. 978-983-3904-17-4.
    1. Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, Smith DMD, Paterson P. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: A systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32:2150–59. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.081.6. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types