ALU transposition induces familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in the absence of predisposing cardiovascular conditions. Pathogenic variants in at least 16 cardiac sarcomeric genes have been implicated in HCM, most of which act in a dominant-negative fashion. However loss-of-function (haploinsufficiency) is the most common disease mechanism for pathogenic variants in MYBPC3, suggesting that MYBPC3 complete deletion may play a role in HCM pathogenesis. Here, we investigate MYBPC3 complete deletion as a disease mechanism in HCM by analyzing two unrelated patients with confirmed diagnosis of HCM that tested negative by Sanger sequencing analysis.

Methods: MYBPC3 complete deletion was investigated by Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and microarray analyses. The mechanism of deletion was investigated by interrogating the SINEBase database.

Results: Patient-1 was diagnosed with nonobstructive HCM in his mid-40s while undergoing assessment for palpitations, and patient-2 with obstructive HCM in his late-20s while undergoing systolic heart murmur assessment for an unrelated illness. MLPA testing revealed a heterozygous deletion of all MYBPC3 exons in both patients. Subsequent microarray testing confirmed these deletions which extended beyond the 5' and 3' ends of MYBPC3. Genomic assessment suggested that these deletions resulted from Alu/Alu-homologous recombination.

Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that haploinsufficiency resulting from MYBPC3 complete deletion, potentially mediated by Alu recombination, is an important disease mechanism in cardiomyopathy and emphasizes the importance of copy number variation analysis in patients clinically suspected of HCM.

Keywords: MYBPC3; cardiomyopathy; copy number; deletion.

Figure 1

(a and b) MLPA analysis of MYBPC3 for patient‐1 (P1) and patient‐2 (P2). Probe ratio shows deletion spanning MYBPC3 and extending into MADD and SPI1. (c) Illustration of wild‐type MYBPC3, and the microarray‐detected heterozygous deletions: 387 kb deletion spanning MYBPC3 and 10 OMIM‐genes (patient‐1); 270 kb deletion spanning MYBPC3 and 6 OMIM‐genes (patient‐2). Highlights: OMIM‐morbid genes → red; RNA‐genes → green. (d) Alu‐mediated deletion. Alu(5′)‐Alu(3′) common sequences → in brackets; Nucleotide homology to Alu sequence → grey_highlight; Recombination‐window/breakpoints → red_highlight. GenBank reference and version numbers for HCM Tested Genes: MYBPC3 (NG_007667.1), MYH7 (NG_007884.1), TNNT2 (NG_007556.1), TNNI3 (NG_007866.2), and TPM1 (NG_007557.1). HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; MLPA, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification