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. 2019 Sep 29;16(19):3662.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16193662.

Periodontal Disease Status among Adults from South Africa-Prevalence and Effect of Smoking

Usuf Chikte  1 , Carla Cruvinel Pontes  2 , Innocent Karangwa  3 , Faheema Kimmie-Dhansay  4 , Rajiv T Erasmus  5 , Andre P Kengne  6 , Tandi E Matsha  7
Affiliations

Periodontal Disease Status among Adults from South Africa-Prevalence and Effect of Smoking

Usuf Chikte et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Periodontal diseases are among the six most prevalent non-communicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide, constituting a burden for oral and general health. There is a shortage of epidemiological data on periodontal diseases in Africa. The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to present the periodontal status and cotinine levels of a South African population of adults. This study included individuals living in the Belville South area. Bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket depth were recorded for each tooth, and clinical attachment loss (CAL) was recorded as the highest score per sextant. Cotinine levels were measured in ng/mL. A total of 951 individuals were included. More than one third of all subjects had BOP. Regarding pocket depth, over 50% of the subjects had shallow pockets (4-5 mm), and almost 6% had deep pockets. CAL ≥ 4 mm was present in 40.1% of the subjects. Males presented worse periodontal conditions than females. In total, 52.7% of the participants had serum cotinine levels of ≥15 ng/mL. Cotinine levels had no effect on periodontal variables. Periodontal diseases were highly prevalent, and periodontal conditions were worse in males. Preventive and restorative public health programs are required to improve oral health in this population.

Keywords: non-communicable diseases; oral health; periodontal disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Prevalence of bleeding on probing according to age group (a) and the average number of teeth with bleeding on probing according to age group (b).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of pocket depth (PD) categories in relation to gender (a) and age group (b).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Average number of teeth with pocket depth (PD) below 3 mm and above 4 mm in relation to age group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Attachment loss (AL) presented as the average number of sextants in relation to gender (a) and % prevalence in relation to gender (b).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Attachment loss (AL), presented as the average number of sextants in relation to age group (a) and % prevalence in relation to age group (b).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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