On-site and low-cost detection of cyanide by simple colorimetric and fluorogenic sensors: Smartphone and test strip applications

Abstract

Cyanide is potentially hazardous and quickly acting chemical used in many fields of industry. Therefore, detection of cyanide is of main health concern due to its serious impacts on living organisms. In this context, we have developed rapid, low-cost and on-site sensory two molecules for the colorimetric and fluorogenic sensing of cyanide ion in aqueous samples and food samples. The prepared probes undergo distinct visual color change and exhibits selective fluorogenic turn-on or turn-off response towards cyanide. Competing anions have little or negligible effect on the detection of cyanide. The limit of detection for cyanide ion was calculated as low as 0.45 μM. Free receptors could be successfully regenerated by treating them with Ag⁺ ion. Moreover, a new visual colorimetric strip based on paper was fabricated with the pale yellow-to-pink color change signal. The fabricated test strips also demonstrated excellent selectivity towards cyanide ion without interfering possible fluoride and acetate ions. The smartphone-based technique which could directly read out the color value using a smartphone revealed an excellent potential for the cyanide detection without additional device.

Keywords: Colorimetric; Cyanide; Dual sensing; Fluorescent.