Overview and Development of the Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance Determination of Cause of Death (DeCoDe) Process and DeCoDe Diagnosis Standards

Abstract

Mortality surveillance and cause of death data are instrumental in improving health, identifying diseases and conditions that cause a high burden of preventable deaths, and allocating resources to prevent these deaths. The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network uses a standardized process to define, assign, and code causes of stillbirth and child death (<5 years of age) across the CHAMPS network. A Determination of Cause of Death (DeCoDe) panel composed of experts from a local CHAMPS site analyzes all available individual information, including laboratory, histopathology, abstracted clinical records, and verbal autopsy findings for each case and, if applicable, also for the mother. Using this information, the site panel ascertains the underlying cause (event that precipitated the fatal sequence of events) and other antecedent, immediate, and maternal causes of death in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision and the World Health Organization death certificate. Development and use of the CHAMPS diagnosis standards-a framework of required evidence to support cause of death determination-assures a homogenized procedure leading to a more consistent interpretation of complex data across the CHAMPS network. This and other standardizations ensures future comparability with other sources of mortality data produced externally to this project. Early lessons learned from implementation of DeCoDe in 5 CHAMPS sites in sub-Saharan Africa and Bangladesh have been incorporated into the DeCoDe process, and the implementation of DeCoDe has the potential to spur health systems improvements and local public health action.

Keywords: CHAMPS; cause of death; data management; mortality review; vital records.

Figure 1.

Overview of the determination of cause of death process. Abbreviations: CHAMPS, Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance; DeCoDe, Determination of Causes of Death panel; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision.

Figure 2.

Diagnosis standard examples. The full document can be found https://champshealth.org/protocols/. Neonatal death and stillbirth refer to the type of Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance case for which this standard would be used. Abbreviations: CMV, cytomegalovirus; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; ND, neonatal death; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RDS, respiratory distress syndrome; SB, stillbirth; TAC, TaqMan Array Card; VA, verbal autopsy; WHO, World Health Organization.