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Review
. 2019 Dec:72:9-13.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.10.015. Epub 2019 Oct 15.

The current state of animal models in research: A review

N Bryce Robinson  1 , Katherine Krieger  1 , Faiza M Khan  1 , William Huffman  1 , Michelle Chang  1 , Ajita Naik  1 , Ruan Yongle  1 , Irbaz Hameed  1 , Karl Krieger  1 , Leonard N Girardi  1 , Mario Gaudino  2
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Free article
Review

The current state of animal models in research: A review

N Bryce Robinson et al. Int J Surg. 2019 Dec.
Free article

Abstract

Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of disease pathophysiology and human anatomy can largely be attributed to preclinical investigations using various animal models. Recently, however, the scientific community, citing concerns about animal welfare as well as the validity and applicability of outcomes, has called the use of animals in research into question. In this review, we seek to summarize the current state of the use of animal models in research.

Keywords: Animal model; Review; Sham surgery; Simulation; Surgical training; Three Rs.

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